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MicroRNAs01:22

MicroRNAs

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MicroRNA (miRNA) are short, regulatory RNA transcribed from introns (non-coding regions of a gene) or intergenic regions (stretches of DNA present between genes). Several processing steps are required to form biologically active, mature miRNA. The initial transcript, called primary miRNA (pri-mRNA), base-pairs with itself, forming a stem-loop structure. Within the nucleus, an endonuclease enzyme, called Drosha, shortens the stem-loop structure into hairpin-shaped pre-miRNA. After the pre-miRNA...
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Small interfering RNAs, or siRNAs, are short regulatory RNA molecules that can silence genes post-transcriptionally, as well as the transcriptional level in some cases. siRNAs are important for protecting cells against viral infections and silencing transposable genetic elements.
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Retroviruses and retrotransposons both insert copies of their genetic elements into the genome of the host cell. Thus, the viral genes are passed on when the host genome is replicated or translated. A typical retroviral DNA sequence contains 3-4 genes that encode the different proteins required for its structural assembly and function as a molecular parasite. This DNA is transcribed into a single mRNA, which is very similar in structure to conventional mRNAs, i.e., it is capped at the 5’...
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A mutation is a change in the sequence of bases of DNA or RNA in a genome. Some mutations occur during replication of the genome due to errors made by the polymerase enzymes that replicate DNA or RNA. Unlike DNA polymerase, RNA polymerase is prone to errors because it is not capable of “proofreading” its work. Viruses with RNA-based genomes, like HIV, therefore accrue mutations faster than viruses with DNA-based genomes. Because mutation and recombination provide the raw material...
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During most eukaryotic translation processes, the small 40S ribosome subunit scans an mRNA from its 5' end until it encounters the first start AUG codon. The large 60S ribosomal subunit then joins the smaller one to initiate protein synthesis. The location of the translation initiation is largely determined by the nucleotides near the start codon as there may be multiple translation initiation sites present on the mRNA.  Marilyn Kozak discovered that the sequence RCCAUGG (where R...
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A Complete Pipeline for Isolating and Sequencing MicroRNAs, and Analyzing Them Using Open Source Tools
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Sequence Analysis of microRNAs Encoded by Simian Lymphocryptoviruses.

Yan Chen1, Devin N Fachko1, Helen L Wu2

  • 1Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA.

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Summary

This study comprehensively annotates over 95 viral microRNAs from non-human primate lymphocryptoviruses (LCVs). Simian LCV microRNAs were detected in circulation, showing potential as biomarkers for LCV-related post-transplant lymphoproliferative disease.

Keywords:
biomarkersherpesviruslymphocryptovirusmicroRNAs

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Area of Science:

  • Virology
  • Genomics
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Lymphocryptoviruses (LCVs) are gamma-herpesviruses causing lifelong infections in primates.
  • LCV infections in immunocompromised hosts are linked to B cell disorders and lymphoma.
  • Simian LCVs infect various non-human primate (NHP) species, including macaques and baboons.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To comprehensively annotate viral microRNAs (miRNAs) encoded by LCVs in four NHP species.
  • To investigate the potential of simian LCV miRNAs as biomarkers for LCV-associated diseases.

Main Methods:

  • Sequence comparison analysis of LCV genomes from Mauritian cynomolgus macaques, baboons, stump-tailed macaques, and bonobos.
  • Identification and annotation of viral miRNAs using bioinformatics approaches.
  • Detection of cyLCV miRNAs in circulation using molecular assays.

Main Results:

  • Defined sequences for over 95 viral miRNAs from four NHP LCVs, representing a comprehensive annotation.
  • Demonstrated the presence of cyLCV miRNAs in circulating body fluids in vivo.
  • Identified potential biomarker utility for cyLCV miRNAs in diagnosing LCV-related post-transplant lymphoproliferative disease (PTLD).

Conclusions:

  • This study provides the most extensive catalog of NHP LCV miRNAs to date.
  • The identified viral miRNAs serve as a valuable resource for developing diagnostic reagents.
  • Circulating cyLCV miRNAs show promise as non-invasive biomarkers for PTLD.