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From DNA to Protein

From DNA to Protein

The flow of genetic information in cells from DNA to mRNA to protein is described by the central dogma, which states that genes specify the sequence of mRNAs, which in turn specify the sequence of amino acids making up all proteins. The decoding of one molecule to another is performed by specific proteins and RNAs. Because the information stored in DNA is so central to cellular function, it makes intuitive sense that the cell would make mRNA copies of this information for protein synthesis...

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During most eukaryotic translation processes, the small 40S ribosome subunit scans an mRNA from its 5' end until it encounters the first start AUG codon. The large 60S ribosomal subunit then joins the smaller one to initiate protein synthesis. The location of the translation initiation is largely determined by the nucleotides near the start codon as there may be multiple translation initiation sites present on the mRNA. Marilyn Kozak discovered that the sequence RCCAUGG (where R...

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The Upf proteins that carry out nonsense-mediated decay (NMD) are found in all eukaryotic organisms, including humans. Each protein has an individual role, but they need to work in collaboration. Upf1 is an ATP-dependent RNA helicase that unwinds the RNA helix. Because Upf1 can unwind any RNA, Upf2 and Upf3 are required to help Upf1 discriminate between nonsense and normal mRNAs.
Usually, Upf3 binds to an Exon Junction Complex (EJC) at mRNA splice sites. If a ribosome fully translates the mRNA,...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 3, 2025

Isolation of Next-Generation Gene Therapy Vectors through Engineering, Barcoding, and Screening of Adeno-Associated Virus AAV Capsid Variants

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Published on: October 18, 2022

Quadruplet codon decoding-based versatile genetic biocontainment system.

Yun-Nam Choi¹, Donghyeon Kim¹, Seongbeom Lee¹

¹Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea.

Nucleic Acids Research

|January 8, 2025

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers developed Quadruplet COdon DEcoding (QCODE), a genetic biocontainment strategy using Q-codons to prevent misuse of biological resources. This method ensures robust biosecurity by hindering gene expression and protecting genetic information.

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Area of Science:

Biotechnology
Molecular Biology
Biosecurity

Background:

Biological resources like genetic sequences and microbial strains present significant risks if released or misused.
Existing biocontainment strategies may not offer comprehensive protection against diverse threats.

Purpose of the Study:

To develop a novel and versatile genetic biocontainment strategy.
To enhance the security of biological resources, including genetic information, traits, materials, and strains.

Main Methods:

Introduction of a quadruplet codon (Q-codon) into target genes to induce frameshifts.
Strategic incorporation of Q-codons across multiple genes to prevent unauthorized expression and proliferation.
Implementation of sequence protection mechanisms within the QCODE system.

Main Results:

The QCODE strategy effectively hinders gene expression by causing frameshifts.
Successful containment of genetic traits, microbial strains, and genetic materials was demonstrated.
The system provides robust protection for genetic sequence information.

Conclusions:

Quadruplet COdon DEcoding (QCODE) offers a versatile, efficient, and compact solution for genetic biocontainment.
This approach significantly enhances biosecurity in various biological research settings.
QCODE provides a multi-layered defense against the misuse of biological resources.