Lipophilic antioxidants in edible oils: Mechanisms, applications and interactions

Essential fatty acids (EFAs) in edible oils are crucial for human nutrition. However, their high unsaturation renders edible oils susceptible to oxidation during storage and processing. The addition of lipophilic antioxidants is an effective strategy to inhibit oxidation and safeguard the nutritional integrity of edible oils. This review focused on the diverse mechanisms and applications of lipophilic antioxidants to inhibit oxidation of edible oils. A range of both synthetic and natural lipophilic antioxidants, including butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), tert-butyl hydroquinone (TBHQ), propyl gallate (PG), tocopherols, tocopherols, carotenoids, flavonoids, ascorbyl palmitate, and lipophilic phenolic compounds were discussed. Moreover, lipophilic antioxidant extracts, as the mixture of natural lipophilic antioxidants, can significantly inhibit oil oxidation. The interaction mechanisms of natural lipophilic antioxidants were reviewed. However, compared to synthetic lipophilic antioxidants, the mechanisms and interactions of natural lipophilic antioxidants need to be further studied. Additionally, their stability and solubility, the extraction and purification costs, and the impact on the sensory must be considered when applying natural lipophilic antioxidants to edible oils. This review serves as a timely reference for application of natural lipophilic antioxidants in edible oils, contributing to the development of healthier and more sustainable options.