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Working memory refers to a combination of components, including short-term memory and attention, that allow an individual to hold information temporarily as we perform cognitive tasks. It is an essential cognitive function that enables the execution of complex tasks such as problem-solving, comprehension, and reasoning. Unlike short-term memory, which simply involves the storage of information for a brief period, working memory involves the active manipulation and processing of this...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 13, 2025

A Cognitive Paradigm to Investigate Interference in Working Memory by Distractions and Interruptions
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Inconclusive evidence for associations between adverse experiences in adulthood and working memory performance.

Stefan Vermeent1,2, Anna-Lena Schubert3, Meriah L DeJoseph4

  • 1Department of Psychology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.

Royal Society Open Science
|January 9, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Adversity does not consistently impact working memory (WM) capacity or updating ability. Researchers should carefully consider task overlap when studying specific WM processes and their links to adverse experiences.

Keywords:
adversitydeficitsdevelopmental adaptationstructural equation modellingworking memory

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Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Neuroscience
  • Social Science

Background:

  • Adversity is typically linked to reduced working memory (WM) performance, particularly in information holding.
  • Recent studies suggest some adversities might preserve or improve WM updating abilities.
  • Distinguishing WM capacity from updating is crucial due to task overlap.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the association between different types of adversity and distinct WM processes (capacity vs. updating).
  • To isolate variance in WM capacity and updating performance to better understand their relationship with adversity.
  • To address the challenge of task covariance in WM research.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized data from the Dutch Longitudinal Internet studies for the Social Sciences (LISS) panel.
  • Administered three WM tasks, including complex span and a binding/updating task.
  • Estimated exposure to neighbourhood threat, material deprivation, and unpredictability.
  • Employed structural equation modeling to analyze associations between adversity and latent WM estimates.

Main Results:

  • No consistent associations were found between adversity and WM capacity.
  • No consistent associations were found between adversity and WM updating.
  • Evidence did not support practically significant associations between adversity and these WM components.

Conclusions:

  • The study did not find robust links between adversity and specific working memory functions.
  • Researchers should account for the overlap between WM capacity and updating tasks in their analyses.
  • Future research may need refined methodologies to disentangle these cognitive processes in relation to adversity.