Neural correlates of auditory comprehension and integration of sanskrit verse: a functional MRI study

In this investigation, we delve into the neural underpinnings of auditory processing of Sanskrit verse comprehension, an area not previously explored by neuroscientific research. Our study examines a diverse group of 44 bilingual individuals, including both proficient and non-proficient Sanskrit speakers, to uncover the intricate neural patterns involved in processing verses of this ancient language. Employing an integrated neuroimaging approach that combines functional connectivity-multivariate pattern analysis (fc-MVPA), voxel-based univariate analysis, seed-based connectivity analysis, and the use of sparse fMRI techniques to minimize the interference of scanner noise, we highlight the brain's adaptability and ability to integrate multiple types of information. Our findings from fc-MVPA reveal distinct connectivity patterns in proficient Sanskrit speakers, particularly involving the bilateral inferior temporal, left middle temporal, bilateral orbitofrontal, and bilateral occipital pole. Voxel-based univariate analysis showed significant activation in the right middle frontal gyrus, bilateral caudate nuclei, bilateral middle occipital gyri, left lingual gyrus, bilateral inferior parietal lobules, and bilateral inferior frontal gyri. Seed-based connectivity analysis further emphasizes the interconnected nature of the neural networks involved in language processing, demonstrating how these regions collaborate to support complex linguistic tasks. This research reveals how the brain processes the complex syntactic and semantic elements of Sanskrit verse. Findings indicate that proficient speakers effectively navigate intricate syntactic structures and semantic associations, engaging multiple brain regions in coordination. By examining the cognitive mechanisms underlying Sanskrit verse comprehension, which shares rhythmic and structural features with music and poetry, this study highlights the neural connections between language, culture, and cognition.