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Seizures: Classification

Seizures: Classification

Epilepsy is primarily characterized by unpredictable seizures, either provoked by an identifiable factor, such as injury or illness, or unprovoked, occurring spontaneously without apparent cause.
Seizures are typically classified into two main categories: focal and generalized seizures.
Focal Seizures
Focal seizures originate from specific regions of the brain. These seizures are further sub-classified into two types:

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Updated: Jun 5, 2026

Frontal Disconnection for Treating Mild Malformation of Cortical Development with Oligodendroglial Hyperplasia in Epilepsy (MOGHE) in the Frontal Lobe

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Localized cortical morphometric and structural covariance differences in adolescents with functional/dissociative

Kalpana Dhanik^1,2, Amit Arya³, Vivek Agarwal²

¹Center of Bio-Medical Research, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences Campus, Lucknow, India.

|June 4, 2026

Summary

Adolescent functional/dissociative seizures (FDS) are linked to brain structure differences. These include altered cortical thickness, sulcal depth, and gyrification, particularly in frontal and insular regions.

Keywords:

adolescence brain networks functional/dissociative seizures structural covariance surface‐based morphometry

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Area of Science:

Neuroscience
Developmental Neuroscience
Clinical Neurology

Background:

Functional/dissociative seizures (FDS) are common in adolescents.
Understanding the neurobiological underpinnings of FDS is crucial for targeted interventions.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate cross-sectional differences in brain cortical morphometry and structural covariance in adolescents with FDS compared to healthy controls.
To identify specific brain regions and network alterations associated with adolescent FDS.

Main Methods:

High-resolution MRI data from 150 adolescents (75 FDS, 75 controls) were analyzed.
Surface-based morphometry assessed cortical thickness, fractal dimension, gyrification, and sulcal depth.
Structural covariance networks were constructed and analyzed for cortical thickness and fractal dimension.

Main Results:

Adolescents with FDS exhibited widespread cortical morphometric differences in frontal, insular, cingulate, temporal, parietal, and posterior associative cortices.
Significant findings included increased left pars opercularis thickness, reduced left precentral sulcal depth, and reduced right insula gyrification.
Fractal dimension covariance showed greater divergence than cortical thickness covariance, with specific regional differences noted after education adjustment.

Conclusions:

Adolescent FDS are associated with distinct regional cortical morphometric alterations.
Modality-specific differences in structural covariance networks were observed, but global network topology did not differ robustly.
These findings highlight regional brain structural changes in adolescent FDS.