Hematologic Complications of Pregnancy

Hematologic complications are common in pregnancy and can significantly impact both maternal and fetal health. Recognizing and treating these complications can be challenging due to the limited evidence available to guide clinical consultants. Iron deficiency anemia is the most prevalent hematologic issue in pregnancy and often occurs due to increased maternal blood volume and the nutritional demands of the growing fetus. Thrombocytopenia is the second most commonly occurring hematologic issue in pregnancy and can be associated with increased blood loss and complications during childbirth. However, the most common type of thrombocytopenia in pregnancy is gestational thrombocytopenia, which does not typically require clinical management. Thus, it is important to distinguish gestational thrombocytopenia from other etiologies of thrombocytopenia in pregnancy that require immediate treatment, including immune thrombocytopenia, thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura, preeclampsia, and HELLP (hemolysis, elevated liver enzyme levels, and low platelet levels) syndrome. Other important hematologic conditions in pregnancy include non-inherited anemias, such as autoimmune hemolytic anemia and aplastic anemia, as well as inherited anemias, such as sickle cell disease and thalassemia, which may require specialized management to optimize maternal and fetal outcomes. Additionally, bleeding disorders, such as von Willebrand disease and hemophilia, pose unique challenges in pregnancy, especially around the time of delivery, due to the risk of excessive bleeding. Lastly, thromboembolic disorders, such as venous thromboembolism (VTE), remain the leading cause of mortality in pregnancy in developed countries. Pregnancy-related hormonal changes, venous stasis, and hypercoagulability contribute to an increased thromboembolic risk, further exacerbated by additional risk factors such as obesity or a prior personal or family history of VTE. This review aims to summarize current guidelines and management of the most common hematologic disorders in pregnancy.