Layered triple hydroxide (NiCoFe-LTH) with g-C₃N₄ hybrid nanocomposite as an adsorbent for Pb(II) extraction

Hybrid graphitic carbon nitride (g-C₃N₄) with layer triple hydroxide (LTH) nanocomposite synthesized using the hydrothermal procedure has been investigated as a novel adsorbent g-C₃N₄@NiCoFe-LTH in the dispersive solid phase microextraction (DSp-ME) for Pb(II) determination in the food and water samples. The nanocomposite was characterized using FTIR, SEM, SEM-EDX, and XRD techniques. Several analytical parameters were adjusted, including pH, adsorbent quantity, adsorption and elution time, sample and eluent volume, and elution solvent concentration, and found as 8.0, 7.5 mg, 60, and 30 s, 40 mL, 2 mL, and 0.5 mol/L, respectively. The method's accuracy was also evaluated using matrix effects. The results indicated the LOD as 0.163 μg/L, LOQ as 0.54 μg/L, and PF as 20. The percent relative standard deviation (%RSD) < 10 %, and the coefficient of determination (R²) was 0.999, demonstrating excellent precision and linearity. The method's effectiveness was also validated by analyzing certified reference materials (CRMs).