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Differences in Salivary Cytokinome and Pathogen Load Between Rheumatoid Arthritis and Other Rheumatic Disease

Aleksandra Korzeniowska1, Agnieszka Daca1, Maria Szarecka2

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Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients show altered saliva cytokine profiles and higher levels of Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) and Porphyromonas gingivalis. These findings suggest infections may play a role in RA pathogenesis and highlight saliva

Keywords:
Epstein–Barr VirusPorphyromonas gingivaliscytokinespathogenesisrheumatoid arthritis

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Microbiology
  • Rheumatology

Background:

  • Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune disease characterized by immune imbalance and altered cytokine profiles.
  • Oral dysbiosis and infections are implicated in chronic diseases, potentially linking to RA pathogenesis.
  • Cytokines and microbial agents in saliva may serve as biomarkers for RA.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the salivary cytokine profiles in RA patients compared to healthy controls and other rheumatic diseases.
  • To assess the presence of specific viral and bacterial DNA in saliva of RA patients.
  • To explore the association between salivary biomarkers and potential infectious agents in RA.

Main Methods:

  • Saliva samples were collected from RA patients, healthy controls, and patients with other rheumatic diseases.
  • Cytokine levels were measured using flow cytometry.
  • DNA levels of Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV), Cytomegalovirus, Parvovirus B19, Porphyromonas gingivalis, and Segatella copri were quantified using qRT-PCR.

Main Results:

  • RA patients exhibited significantly elevated levels of IL-1β, IP-10, IL-2, and IL-4 in their saliva.
  • Saliva DNA levels of EBV and P. gingivalis were significantly higher in RA patients.
  • Specific cytokine profiles correlated with the presence of certain viral and bacterial infections.

Conclusions:

  • Saliva analysis reveals distinct cytokine profiles in RA patients, indicating potential diagnostic value.
  • Elevated EBV and P. gingivalis DNA in RA saliva suggests a role in disease pathogenesis or increased susceptibility.
  • Understanding the interplay between infections and immune responses is crucial for comprehending RA complexity.