Description and Classification of Training Drills, Based on Biomechanical and Physiological Load, in Elite Basketball

The aim of this study was to understand and describe the physiological and biomechanical demands of various tasks used in basketball training and, subsequently, to provide a practical application of these tasks in a typical training week. Twelve basketball players had their external load variables monitored across 179 training sessions (2896 samples) using local positioning system technology. These variables included total distance covered, distance covered at various intensity levels, accelerations, decelerations, PlayerLoad™, and explosive efforts. The analysis revealed significant differences in both physiological and biomechanical loads across various drills. Specifically, tasks with more space and fewer defenders, such as 3v0 full court, impose higher physiological loads compared to tasks with less space and more defenders, like 5v5 full court. The difference in physiological load between these tasks was statistically significant (p < 0.05) with a moderate effect size (ES: -0.60, 95% CI: [-0.99, -0.22]). In terms of biomechanical load, drills with increased defensive pressure, such as 5v5 full court, exhibited significantly higher values compared to less specific drills, such as 5v0 full court, with a very large effect size (ES: 1.37, 95% CI: [1.04, 1.70], p < 0.01). Additionally, comparisons between 5v5 full court and 3v0 full court for biomechanical load produced a very large effect size (ES: 1.67, 95% CI: [1.37, 1.97], p < 0.01), indicating a substantial difference in load demands. The results indicate that tasks with more space and fewer defenders impose higher physiological loads, while those with less space and more defenders increase the biomechanical load. For training design, it is recommended to schedule tasks with a higher biomechanical load at the beginning of the session and those with a physiological orientation toward the end. Understanding the distinct demands of different drills can help coaches structure training sessions more effectively to optimize player load and performance development throughout the week.