Inter-species dynamics of non-coding RNAs: Impact on host immunomodulation and pathogen survival

Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) are composed of nucleotides that do not encode proteins but instead serve as guides. It interacts with amino acids at precise genomic sites, influencing chromatin structure and gene expression. These ncRNAs contribute to numerous inter-species dynamics, including those within the vector-host-pathogen triad. Vector-associated ncRNAs are released into hosts to combat the host immune system and sustain arthropod viability. Conversely, hosts may utilize specific ncRNAs as part of their defences to counteract pathogen-carrying vectors. Moreover, pathogens transmitted through vectors' saliva into hosts carry ncRNAs that enhances their virulence. While recent investigations have primarily focused on vector-associated ncRNAs in animal hosts, only a few have explored the functions of pathogen-associated ncRNAs and their role in initiating infections. Our review delves into the historical prospects of ncRNAs, mechanisms by which pathogen-derived ncRNAs influence host-pathogen interactions, regulate gene expression, and evade host defences. Ultimately, it underscores the importance ncRNAs mediated regulatory network in vector-host-pathogen dynamics, offering new strategies to combat vector-borne diseases and enhance public health outcomes.