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Related Concept Videos

Overview of Transposition and Recombination02:13

Overview of Transposition and Recombination

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Transposons make up a significant part of genomes of various organisms. Therefore, it is believed that transposition played a major evolutionary role in speciation by changing genome sizes and modifying gene expression patterns. For example, in bacteria, transposition can lead to conferring antibiotic resistance. Movement of transposable elements within the genetic pool of pathogenic bacteria can aid in transfer of antibiotic-resistant genetic elements. In eukaryotes, transposons can carry out...
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Non-LTR Retrotransposons03:18

Non-LTR Retrotransposons

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As the name suggests, non-LTR retrotransposons lack the long terminal repeats characteristic of the LTR retrotransposons. Additionally, both LTR and non-LTR retrotransposons use distinct mechanisms of mobilization. Non-LTR retrotransposons are further divided into two classes - Long interspersed nuclear elements (LINEs) and short interspersed nuclear elements (SINEs), both of which occur abundantly in most mammals, including humans. Some of the active non-LTR retrotransposons in humans are L1...
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LTR Retrotransposons03:08

LTR Retrotransposons

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LTR retrotransposons are class I transposable elements with long terminal repeats flanking an internal coding region. These elements are less abundant in mammals compared to other class I transposable elements. About 8 percent of human genomic DNA comprises LTR retrotransposons. Some of the common examples of LTR retrotransposons are Ty elements in yeast and Copia elements in Drosophila.
The internal coding region of LTR retrotransposons and their mechanism of transposition closely resembles a...
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DNA-only Transposons02:57

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DNA-only transposons are called autonomous transposons since they code for the enzyme transposase that is required for the transposition mechanism. Insertion of transposons can alter gene functions in multiple ways. They can mutate the gene, alter gene expression by introducing a novel promoter or insulator sequence, introduce new splice sites, and change the mRNA transcripts produced, or remodel chromatin structure.
The donor site from where the transposon is excised is either degraded or...
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RNA Polymerase II Accessory Proteins02:36

RNA Polymerase II Accessory Proteins

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Proteins that regulate transcription can do so either via direct contact with RNA Polymerase or through indirect interactions facilitated by adaptors, mediators, histone-modifying proteins, and nucleosome remodelers. Direct interactions to activate transcription is seen in bacteria as well as in some eukaryotic genes. In these cases, upstream activation sequences are adjacent to the promoters, and the activator proteins interact directly with the transcriptional machinery. For example, in...
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piRNA - Piwi-interacting RNAs02:57

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PIWI-interacting RNAs, or piRNAs, are the most abundant short non-coding RNAs. More than 20,000 genes have been found in humans that code for piRNAs while only 2000 genes have been found for miRNAs. piRNAs can act at the transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels and have a vital role in silencing transposable elements present in germ cells. They are also involved in epigenetic silencing and activation. Previously, they were thought to function only in germ cells but new evidence suggests...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 2, 2025

Real-Time Quantification of the Effects of IS200/IS605 Family-Associated TnpB on Transposon Activity
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Maintenance of long-term transposable element activity through regulation by nonautonomous elements.

Adekanmi Daniel Omole1, Peter Czuppon1

  • 1Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity, University of Münster, Münster 48149, Germany.

Genetics
|January 15, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Nonautonomous elements can stably coexist with autonomous transposable elements, regulating their numbers and fluctuations. This finding supports the long-term persistence of transposition activity, like LINE1 and Alu elements in human evolution.

Keywords:
genome evolutionlinear noise approximationnon-LTR transposonspopulation geneticsrecombinationstochastic modeltransposable element family coexistence

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Real-Time Quantification of the Effects of IS200/IS605 Family-Associated TnpB on Transposon Activity
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Analysis of LINE-1 Retrotransposition at the Single Nucleus Level
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Area of Science:

  • Genetics
  • Evolutionary Biology
  • Computational Biology

Background:

  • Transposable elements (TEs) are mobile DNA sequences crucial for genome evolution.
  • Autonomous TEs encode transposition machinery, while nonautonomous TEs depend on them.
  • Nonautonomous TEs are hypothesized to regulate TE copy numbers, but stable coexistence models were lacking.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the conditions for stable coexistence between autonomous and nonautonomous retrotransposons.
  • To develop a stochastic model for analyzing TE dynamics.
  • To provide an analytical framework for understanding TE regulation and evolution.

Main Methods:

  • Development of a stochastic mathematical model for retrotransposon dynamics.
  • Derivation of analytical expressions for the stationary distribution of TE copy numbers.
  • Analysis of factors influencing TE coexistence and regulation.

Main Results:

  • Identified conditions enabling the stable coexistence of autonomous and nonautonomous retrotransposons.
  • Demonstrated that nonautonomous elements regulate stochastic fluctuations and the copy number of autonomous elements.
  • Derived an analytical expression for stationary variances as a function of average copy numbers and covariance.

Conclusions:

  • Nonautonomous elements can effectively regulate autonomous elements, preventing extinction and allowing long-term coexistence.
  • This regulatory mechanism provides a plausible explanation for sustained transposition activity over evolutionary timescales.
  • The model supports evolutionary scenarios like the long coevolution of LINE1 and Alu elements in human ancestry.