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Cells and Secretions of the Pancreas

Cells and Secretions of the Pancreas

The pancreas, a vital organ within the abdominal cavity, plays dual roles in the digestive and endocrine systems, collaborating with exocrine and endocrine cells to maintain optimal digestion and blood sugar levels.
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Cell Specific Gene Expression

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The pancreatic islets comprising only 1%-2% of the volume are highly vascularized and innervated mini-organs. They contain five endocrine cell types, including β cells that secrete insulin, which is synthesized as a single polypeptide chain, preproinsulin, processed to proinsulin, and finally to insulin and C-peptide. This process is complex and regulated, involving the Golgi complex, the endoplasmic reticulum, and the secretory granules of the β cell.
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Role Of Notch Signalling In Intestinal Stem Cell Renewal

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Canonical Wnt Signaling Pathway

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 2, 2025

Efficient Differentiation of Pluripotent Stem Cells to NKX6-1+ Pancreatic Progenitors

Efficient Differentiation of Pluripotent Stem Cells to NKX6-1+ Pancreatic Progenitors

Published on: March 7, 2017

Roles for the long non-coding RNA Pax6os1/PAX6-AS1 in pancreatic beta cell function.

Livia Lopez-Noriega¹, Rebecca Callingham¹, Aida Martinez-Sánchez¹

¹Section of Cell Biology and Functional Genomics, Department of Medicine, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Imperial College London, London, UK.

|January 15, 2025

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

A novel long non-coding RNA, Pax6os1/PAX6-AS1, is upregulated in type 2 diabetes and high glucose conditions. Its silencing improves beta cell function, particularly in human cells.

Keywords:

Cell biology Cellular physiology Molecular biology

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Area of Science:

* Molecular Endocrinology
* RNA Biology
* Diabetes Research

Background:

* Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are increasingly recognized for their roles in cellular regulation.
* Beta cell dysfunction is central to type 2 diabetes pathogenesis.
* Understanding novel regulatory mechanisms in beta cells is crucial for therapeutic development.

Purpose of the Study:

* To investigate the role of the lncRNA Pax6os1/PAX6-AS1 in beta cell function.
* To determine the impact of Pax6os1/PAX6-AS1 expression on beta cell gene regulation and function under metabolic stress.
* To explore potential interspecies differences in the function of Pax6os1/PAX6-AS1.

Main Methods:

* Analysis of Pax6os1/PAX6-AS1 expression in human and murine beta cell lines and islets under high glucose and high-fat diet conditions.
* Gene silencing and overexpression experiments in beta cells.
* Assessment of beta cell signature genes, protein translation, and histone modifications.
* Phenotypic analysis in Pax6os1 knockout mice and human islets.

Main Results:

* Pax6os1/PAX6-AS1 expression is upregulated by high glucose, high-fat diets, and observed in type 2 diabetes.
* Silencing Pax6os1/PAX6-AS1 enhances beta cell signature gene expression and improves glucose-stimulated insulin secretion and calcium dynamics in human islets.
* Pax6os1/PAX6-AS1 interacts with translation factors (EIF3D) and histones (H3, H4), suggesting roles in translation and epigenetic regulation.
* Interspecies differences observed, with a more pronounced effect in human beta cells.

Conclusions:

* Pax6os1/PAX6-AS1 is a key regulator of beta cell function, implicated in type 2 diabetes.
* Modulation of Pax6os1/PAX6-AS1 offers a potential therapeutic strategy for type 2 diabetes.
* The lncRNA exhibits species-specific regulatory roles in beta cells.