Current Concepts of the Management of Painful Traumatic Peripheral Nerve Neuromas

Painful neuromas are a complex clinical condition that results in notable disability and functional impairment after injury to a peripheral nerve. When regenerating axons lack a distal target, they form a stump neuroma. Up to 60% of neuromas are painful because of mechanical sensitivity and crosstalk between nerve fibers. Clinical evaluation includes a thorough history and physical examination followed by directed diagnostic imaging and procedures to assess pain generators and their effect on quality of life. Nonsurgical management options may include pharmacological interventions, desensitization strategies, injections, and therapies to reduce pain perception and improve function. Surgical interventions, such as nerve reconstruction by direct repair or grafting, redirection to alternative targets, and containment of regenerating axons by relocation into innervated tissues or in grafts, are considered when conservative measures fail. A comprehensive and individualized treatment plan is crucial for optimizing patient outcomes with painful neuromas. The plan should consider the underlying pathology, pain generators, and psychosocial factors contributing to the patient's pain.