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Accurate Simulation of Flow through Dipping Aquifers with MODFLOW 6 Using Enhanced Cell Connectivity.

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  • 1School of Earth Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia.

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The XT3D formulation in MODFLOW 6 improves groundwater flow simulations in dipping aquifers. Accurate results require adequate cell connectivity, achieved with unstructured grids and multiple vertical layers.

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Area of Science:

  • Hydrogeology
  • Computational modeling
  • Geosciences

Background:

  • Simulating groundwater flow in dipping aquifers often involves deforming model cells, leading to vertical offsets between adjacent cells within the same layer.
  • The standard two-point flow formulation in MODFLOW does not accurately account for these vertical offsets.
  • The XT3D multi-point flow formulation in MODFLOW 6 was developed to address grid irregularities like vertical offsets.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the accuracy of the XT3D formulation in MODFLOW 6 for simulating groundwater flow in steeply dipping aquifers with significant vertical offsets.
  • To identify the reasons for inaccuracies observed in previous studies using XT3D in such scenarios.
  • To demonstrate how to achieve accurate simulations using XT3D under challenging aquifer geometries.

Main Methods:

  • Evaluation of the standard conductance-based and XT3D multi-point flow formulations in MODFLOW 6.
  • Utilizing a synthetic benchmark model of a steeply dipping aquifer with varying vertical offsets.
  • Implementing XT3D with MODFLOW's unstructured grid type and varying vertical discretization (number of model layers).

Main Results:

  • XT3D generally improved simulation accuracy compared to the standard formulation.
  • Neither formulation provided accurate flows when large vertical offsets were present with standard discretization.
  • XT3D achieved expected accuracy when using unstructured grids and at least two vertical model layers, indicating sufficient cell connectivity is crucial.

Conclusions:

  • The limitations of XT3D in previous benchmark studies were due to insufficient cell connectivity in common MODFLOW 6 discretization packages, not the formulation itself.
  • Adequate cell connectivity, facilitated by unstructured grids and vertical discretization, is essential for accurate groundwater flow simulations with XT3D in complex dipping aquifers.
  • The findings highlight the importance of grid design and discretization choices for reliable numerical modeling of hydrogeological systems.