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Upper limb functional testing: does age, gender, and sport influence performance?

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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Overhead athletes show sport-specific adaptations in shoulder function. Normative values from functional tests aid injury prevention and return-to-play decisions for athletes across different ages and genders.

Keywords:
AssessmentInjuryPerformancePreventionShoulderSport

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Area of Science:

  • Sports Medicine
  • Biomechanics
  • Orthopedics

Background:

  • Overhead athletes commonly exhibit musculoskeletal adaptations.
  • Shoulder screening is increasingly used for injury prevention in athletes.
  • Lack of normative data for functional tests limits interpretation and influences age, gender, and sport-specific analysis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Establish normative values for upper limb functional tests in overhead athletes.
  • Investigate the influence of age, gender, and sport on upper limb functional performance.
  • Provide data to enhance injury prevention and return-to-play protocols.

Main Methods:

  • 587 overhead athletes (handball, rugby, swimming, tennis, volleyball) underwent functional testing.
  • Tests included Modified-Athletic Shoulder Test, Medicine Ball Throw, Shot Put Test, Rotation Test, Y Balance Test, CKCUE Stability Test, and Posterior Shoulder Endurance Test.
  • Normative values and performance influences were analyzed for 496 athletes.

Main Results:

  • Sport-specific adaptations observed, with dominant arms outperforming in handball, rugby, and tennis.
  • Males showed greater upper limb power than females across age groups.
  • Upper Limb Rotation Test showed gender disparities; Y Balance Test indicated consistent balance across groups.
  • Stability improved with age; posterior shoulder endurance showed age-related differences in swimmers.

Conclusions:

  • Functional shoulder performance varies significantly by sport, age, and gender in overhead athletes.
  • Sport-specific assessments and normative data are crucial for effective injury prevention and rehabilitation.
  • Provided normative values are vital for primary prevention and return-to-play assessments.