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Neurodegeneration: 2024 update.

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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This review summarizes key 2023 neuropathology research in neurodegenerative diseases. Advances include early changes in repetitive head impacts and AI-driven brain age analysis.

Keywords:
AgingAlzheimer’s diseaseNeurodegenerationNeuropathologyTDP-43 proteinopathyTauopathyTraumatic brain injuryα-synucleinopathy

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Area of Science:

  • Neuropathology
  • Neurodegenerative Diseases
  • Experimental Pathology

Background:

  • The field of neuropathology is crucial for understanding neurodegenerative diseases.
  • Human tissue-based studies are vital for experimental and clinical neuropathologists.
  • Previous reviews in this series have established a precedent for highlighting impactful research.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review diverse and impactful studies in neurodegenerative neuropathology from the past year.
  • To focus on human tissue-based research relevant to neuropathologists.
  • To balance selected studies across different neurodegenerative disease categories, approaches, and methodologies.

Main Methods:

  • Classical and state-of-the-art methodologies were employed.
  • Techniques included clinical pathoanatomical correlative studies.
  • Advanced methods encompassed single-cell RNA sequencing, artificial intelligence, and patient-derived human induced pluripotent stem cell models.

Main Results:

  • Studies demonstrated earliest pathological changes in young patients with repetitive head impacts (RHI).
  • Longitudinal trajectories of extrapyramidal symptoms in Lewy body disease subtypes were elucidated.
  • Cell-type specific polygenic risk in Alzheimer's disease was mapped to neuropathology.
  • A novel measure of histological brain age acceleration using artificial intelligence was developed.
  • Trends in cerebrovascular pathologies over 25 years were analyzed.
  • Associations between RHI and TDP-43/hippocampal sclerosis were investigated.
  • Microglia/T-cell interactions in neurodegeneration were explored.
  • The impact of viral exposures on neurodegenerative disease risk was examined.
  • Polyglutamine repeat expansion disorders were studied.

Conclusions:

  • The reviewed studies collectively display the breadth of progress in neurodegenerative disease neuropathology.
  • Human tissue-based research continues to be a cornerstone in advancing our understanding.
  • The integration of diverse methodologies, from classical to AI-driven approaches, is accelerating discovery.