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Bacteriophages, also known as phages, are specialized viruses that infect bacteria. A key characteristic of phages is their distinctive “head-tail” morphology. A phage begins the infection process (i.e., lytic cycle) by attaching to the outside of a bacterial cell. Attachment is accomplished via proteins in the phage tail that bind to specific receptor proteins on the outer surface of the bacterium. The tail injects the phage’s DNA genome into the bacterial cytoplasm. In the...
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In contrast to the lytic cycle, phages infecting bacteria via the lysogenic cycle do not immediately kill their host cell. Instead, they combine their genome with the host genome, allowing the bacteria to replicate the phage DNA along with the bacterial genome. The incorporated copy of the phage genome is called the prophage. Some prophages can re-activate and enter the lytic cycle. This often occurs in response to a perturbation, such as DNA damage, but can also transpire in the absence of...
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Immune surveillance is an integral part of the innate immune system, involving the continuous monitoring of peripheral tissues to detect and respond to pathogens, infected cells, or cancerous cells. This surveillance is conducted primarily by natural killer (NK) cells and phagocytes, which employ distinct but complementary mechanisms to identify and eliminate threats.
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Cells pull particles inward and engulf them in spherical vesicles in an energy-requiring process called endocytosis. Phagocytosis ("cellular eating") is one of three major types of endocytosis. Cells use phagocytosis to take in large objects, such as other cells (or their debris), bacteria, and even viruses.
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'PHACE' on the 'face'.

Ie Lien Romero1, Chia Saw2,3, Noel David Friesen2,3

  • 1School of Medicine, The University of Notre Dame Australia, Fremantle, Western Australia, Australia ielien.romero@outlook.com.

BMJ Case Reports
|January 19, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Large facial infantile haemangiomas in infants may signal PHACE syndrome, a rare neurocutaneous disorder. Early diagnosis and multidisciplinary management are crucial for affected children.

Keywords:
Congenital disordersDevelopmental paediatrocsHemangiomaStrokeThyroid disease

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Area of Science:

  • Pediatrics
  • Dermatology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Infantile haemangiomas are common benign vascular tumors in infants.
  • Large facial haemangiomas (≥5 cm) can be associated with serious underlying conditions.
  • PHACE syndrome is a neurocutaneous disorder characterized by specific malformations and defects.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To report an unusual case of possible PHACE syndrome in a young male toddler.
  • To discuss the clinical assessment and diagnostic approach for PHACE syndrome.
  • To highlight the importance of a multidisciplinary approach for managing large facial haemangiomas.

Main Methods:

  • Case report of a young male toddler with a large facial haemangioma.
  • Review of clinical presentation and diagnostic workup for PHACE syndrome.
  • Discussion of standardized guidelines for managing large facial haemangiomas.

Main Results:

  • The case presented an unusual manifestation of potential PHACE syndrome.
  • Diagnosis and management of PHACE syndrome require careful clinical evaluation.
  • A multidisciplinary team is essential for comprehensive patient care.

Conclusions:

  • Large facial haemangiomas warrant thorough investigation for PHACE syndrome.
  • Awareness of PHACE syndrome's clinical spectrum is critical for timely diagnosis.
  • Standardized guidelines and a collaborative approach improve outcomes for PHACE syndrome patients.