Stable Electrochemical Lithium Extraction Using LiMn₂O₄ Coated With Lithiated Nafion

Electrochemical lithium extraction from salt lakes using LiMn₂O₄ (LMO) presents an eco-friendly, highly controllable, and efficient method. However, its practical application is limited due to its structure instability and manganese dissolution in water. Herein, a high-performance LMO coated with ≈3.5 nm thickness lithiated Nafion (Li-Nafion) for electrochemical lithium extraction is reported. The Li-Nafion coating constructs a fast lithium-ion transport pathway and enhances the hydrophilicity of the LMO particles, promoting charge transfer and improving rate capability. Thereby, an enhanced lithium extraction capacity of 4 mmol g^-1 is achieved. Importantly, the coating significantly inhibits Mn loss in LMO, resulting in significantly improved cyclic stability, with a capacity retention rate of 96% after 50 cycles. Furthermore, the Li-Nafion modified LMO effectively extracts lithium electrochemically in Zabuye salt lake, showcasing practical potential.