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Related Concept Videos

Insulin Secretory Vesicles01:05

Insulin Secretory Vesicles

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Insulin secretory vesicles release insulin to stimulate blood glucose uptake and regulate carbohydrate metabolism. When the blood glucose levels increase, glucose enters the pancreatic β-islet cells through glucose transporters. Once inside, glucose is metabolized through glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and the electron transport chain, producing ATP. This increase in ATP concentration closes ATP-sensitive potassium channels, leading to depolarization of the membrane and the opening of...
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Diabetes Mellitus: Overview and Type I Subtype01:22

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Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by high blood glucose levels due to inadequate insulin production, insulin resistance, or both. The condition affects millions worldwide and can significantly impact their health and quality of life.
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Glucose Homeostasis: Pancreatic Islets and Insulin Secretion01:27

Glucose Homeostasis: Pancreatic Islets and Insulin Secretion

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The pancreatic islets comprising only 1%-2% of the volume are highly vascularized and innervated mini-organs. They contain five endocrine cell types, including β cells that secrete insulin, which is synthesized as a single polypeptide chain, preproinsulin, processed to proinsulin, and finally to insulin and C-peptide. This process is complex and regulated, involving the Golgi complex, the endoplasmic reticulum, and the secretory granules of the β cell.
Insulin and C-peptide are...
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Insulin: Biosynthesis, Chemistry, and Preparation01:25

Insulin: Biosynthesis, Chemistry, and Preparation

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The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) of pancreatic β-cells synthesizes preproinsulin, which consists of a signal peptide, A and B chains, and a C-peptide. Preproinsulin is then cleaved and folded into proinsulin, which translocates to the Golgi apparatus for sorting and packaging into secretory granules. In these granules, enzymatic clipping generates insulin and C-peptide.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 12, 2026

An In Ovo Model for Testing Insulin-mimetic Compounds
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Published on: April 23, 2018

Insulinoma; a diagnostic challenge: a case report.

Wania Rafaey1, Asim Munir Alvi1, Sidra Aslam1

  • 1Department of Endocrinology, Shaukat Khanum Cancer Memorial Hospital and Research Centre, Lahore, Pakistan.

JPMA. the Journal of the Pakistan Medical Association
|January 19, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Insulinoma, a rare pancreatic tumor causing hypoglycemia, can be challenging to locate. Endoscopic pancreatic ultrasound (EUS) successfully identified the insulinoma in this case, leading to complete symptom resolution after surgery.

Keywords:
Insulinoma, insulin levels, endoscopic ultrasound.

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Gastroenterology
  • Surgical Oncology

Background:

  • Insulinoma, a pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor, causes hypoglycemia via excessive insulin secretion.
  • Classic symptoms include neuroglycopenic and autonomic sympathetic events, relieved by glucose.
  • Diagnosis relies on elevated insulin/C-peptide with low glucose, excluding sulfonylureas.

Observation:

  • A young male presented with a 6-month history of adrenergic and neuroglycopenic symptoms, including seizures, relieved by high-glycemic food.
  • Biochemical tests indicated insulinoma, but CT and MRI failed to localize the tumor.
  • Endoscopic pancreatic ultrasound (EUS) successfully localized the pancreatic insulinoma.

Findings:

  • EUS proved crucial for localizing a previously undetected insulinoma.
  • Surgical resection of the insulinoma resulted in complete symptom resolution.
  • This case highlights EUS as a valuable tool for difficult-to-localize insulinomas.

Implications:

  • EUS should be considered for insulinoma localization when conventional imaging fails.
  • Accurate tumor localization is critical for successful surgical management of insulinoma.
  • Improved diagnostic strategies can enhance patient outcomes for pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors.