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The polymerization process that involves carbanion as an intermediate is called anionic polymerization. It is also a type of addition or chain-growth polymerization. Anionic polymerization gets initiated by a strong nucleophile such as an organolithium or a Grignard reagent. The most commonly used initiator for anionic polymerization is butyl lithium. Monomers involved in anionic polymerization must possess a vinyl group bonded to one or two electron-withdrawing groups. For instance,...
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The radical chain-growth polymerization mechanism consists of three steps: initiation, propagation, and termination of polymerization. The polymerization initiates when a free radical generated from the radical initiator adds to the unsaturated bond in the monomer. The unpaired electron of the free radical and one π electron in the unsaturated bond creates a σ bond between the free radical and the monomer. As a result, the other π electron in the unsaturated bond converts this...
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Polymers are classified as linear or branched on the basis of their chain architecture. The polymer chains in linear polymers have a long chain-like structure with minimal to no branching at all. Even if a polymer features large substituent groups on the monomer, which appear as branches to the skeleton, it is not considered a branched polymer. A branched polymer contains secondary polymer chains that arise from the main polymer chain. The branching occurs when the polymer growth shifts from...
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Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism01:04

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The mechanism for anionic chain-growth polymerization involves initiation, propagation, and termination steps. In the initiation step, a nucleophilic anion, such as butyl lithium, initiates the polymerization process by attacking the π bond of the vinylic monomer. As a result, a carbanion, stabilized by the electron‐withdrawing group, is generated. The resulting carbanion acts as a Michael donor in the propagation step and attacks the second vinylic monomer, which acts as a Michael...
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Chain-growth or addition polymerization is successive addition reactions of monomers with a polymer chain. In radical chain-growth polymerization, the reaction proceeds via a free-radical intermediate. The free radical is formed from radical initiators, which spontaneously generate free radicals by homolytic fission. Organic peroxides (such as dibenzoyl peroxide, as shown in Figure 1) or azo compounds are popular radical initiators. A low concentration ratio of radical initiator to monomer is...
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Cationic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism00:57

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The cationic polymerization mechanism consists of three steps: initiation, propagation, and termination. In the initiation step of the polymerization process, the π bond of a monomer gets protonated by the Lewis acid catalyst, which is formed from boron trifluoride and water. The protonation of the π bond generates a carbocation stabilized by the electron‐donating group. In the propagation step, the π bond of the second monomer acts as a nucleophile and attacks the...
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Novel chain-extended polyurethanes (CEPUs) offer debond-on-demand adhesive properties. Base-triggered degradation using tetrabutylammonium fluoride (TBAF) significantly reduces adhesive strength, aiding material recycling.

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Area of Science:

  • Polymer Chemistry
  • Materials Science
  • Adhesive Technology

Background:

  • Polyurethanes are versatile polymers with broad applications.
  • The development of recyclable materials is crucial for sustainable manufacturing.
  • Adhesives often leave residues that complicate substrate recycling.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To synthesize novel chain-extended polyurethanes (CEPUs) with controlled degradability.
  • To investigate the base-triggered degradation mechanism of sulfonyl ethyl urethane linkages.
  • To evaluate the potential of these CEPUs as debondable binders for inks and coatings in recycling processes.

Main Methods:

  • Synthesis of novel chain-extended polyurethanes.
  • Degradation studies using tetrabutylammonium fluoride (TBAF).
  • Lap shear adhesion tests on aluminum and glass substrates before and after degradation.

Main Results:

  • CEPUs with degradable sulfonyl ethyl urethane chain-extenders were successfully synthesized.
  • Exposure to TBAF triggered selective degradation of the chain-extenders.
  • Adhesion strength decreased by up to 65% on aluminum and glass substrates after TBAF treatment.

Conclusions:

  • The developed CEPUs function as "debond-on-demand" elastomeric adhesives.
  • Selective depolymerization enables efficient removal of inks and adhesive residues.
  • These findings support the use of CEPUs in enhancing the quality of recycled materials.