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Related Concept Videos

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Solvating Effects

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An understanding of the solvating effect helps rationalize the relation between solvation and acidity of the compound. In addition, this also explains the relative stability of conjugate bases for compounds with different pKa values. This lesson details, in-depth, the principle of solvating effects. The strength of an acid and the stability of its corresponding conjugate base are determined using pKa values. This observed relationship is a consequence of solvation, which is the interaction...
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An ether molecule has a net dipole moment due to the polarity of C–O bonds. Subsequently, boiling points of ethers are lower than those of alcohols of comparable molecular weight and slightly higher than those of hydrocarbons of comparable molecular weight (Table 1).
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Ethers from Alkenes: Alcohol Addition and Alkoxymercuration-Demercuration02:35

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Ethers can also be prepared from alkenes through acid-catalyzed addition of alcohols and alkoxymercuration–demercuration.
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The Fischer esterification reaction was developed by the German chemist Emil Fischer in 1895. It is a condensation reaction between carboxylic acids and alcohols in an acidic medium to give esters and water.
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In a dehydration reaction, a hydroxyl group in an alcohol is eliminated along with the hydrogen from an adjacent carbon. Here, the products are an alkene and a molecule of water. Dehydration of alcohols is generally achieved by heating in the presence of an acid catalyst. While the dehydration of primary alcohols requires high temperatures and acid concentrations, secondary and tertiary alcohols can lose a water molecule under relatively mild conditions.
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Hydrolysis of esters under acidic conditions proceeds through a nucleophilic acyl substitution. In the presence of excess water, the reaction proceeds in a reversible manner, forming carboxylic acids and alcohols.
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Preparation of Binary and Ternary Deep Eutectic Systems
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Ethanolamine-mediated microstructural transitions within terpenoid- and fatty acid-based deep eutectic solvents.

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  • 1Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi-110016, India. sipandey@chemistry.iitd.ac.in.

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Adding ethanolamine to deep eutectic solvents (DESs) containing fatty acids significantly increases viscosity due to hydrogen-bonding network changes. This offers a simple method to tune the properties of these green solvents.

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Area of Science:

  • Green chemistry
  • Materials science
  • Physical chemistry

Background:

  • Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) are tunable media with unique physicochemical properties.
  • Hydrogen bonding extensively influences DES formation and properties.
  • Tailoring DES properties is crucial for their application.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the effect of ethanolamine (MEA) addition on the viscosity of DESs.
  • To explore the role of fatty acids in MEA-modified DESs.
  • To understand the microstructural changes induced by MEA in DESs.

Main Methods:

  • Formulation of DESs using terpenes (menthol/thymol) and fatty acids (decanoic acid).
  • Addition of ethanolamine (MEA) as a co-solute.
  • Characterization using viscosity measurements, density, conductivity, UV-Vis, FTIR, DSC, and fluorescence probes.
  • Analysis of Kamlet-Taft parameters.

Main Results:

  • MEA addition caused an unprecedented increase in dynamic viscosity for DA-based DESs, while maintaining Newtonian fluid behavior.
  • Non-DA based DESs did not exhibit this viscosity increase.
  • Microstructural changes were confirmed by various spectroscopic and thermal methods, and fluorescence probes.
  • The carboxylic acid group of decanoic acid was identified as critical for the observed changes.

Conclusions:

  • The judicious addition of a co-solute like MEA can effectively manipulate DES physicochemical properties.
  • Fatty acid functionality is key to inducing microstructural changes and viscosity enhancement in DESs.
  • This study provides an efficient strategy for tailoring environmentally benign DES media.