Recent advances in isolation, structures, and bioactivities of Ficus carica L. polysaccharides: A review

Ficus carica (F. carica) is a well-known medicinal and edible plant with high nutritive values. Polysaccharides are the primary and important bioactive components in F. carica, offering various health benefits. Recently, F. carica polysaccharides (FCPs) have attracted considerable attention due to their various activities, such as anti-oxidant, immunomodulatory, anti-tumor, and anti-diabetic properties. Despite advances in the isolation and characterization of FCPs, critical gaps remain in understanding their structure-activity relationships (SARs), safety concerns, and applications, hindering their full utilization and development. Therefore, a comprehensive review of the latest developments in FCPs is of great significance. Herein, we reviewed the extraction and purification methods, structural characterization, biological activities, SARs, safety concerns, and applications of FCPs. FCPs are water-soluble polysaccharides with molecular weights (Mw) ranging from 21.9 to 6890 kDa, primarily composed of glucose, galactose, arabinose, rhamnose, mannose, and xylose. Factors such as the Mw, monosaccharide composition, and extraction methods are crucial in pharmacological activities. Additionally, current challenges and prospects of FCPs are discussed, aiming to provide valuable insights for future research and clinical translation. In conclusion, this article provides insights and foundational knowledge for further research aimed at applying the therapeutic and multifunctional biomaterial properties of FCPs.