Recent advances in graphitic carbon nitride-based nanocomposites for energy storage and conversion applications

Graphitic carbon nitride (g-C₃N₄) has gained significant attention as a promising nonmetallic semiconductor photocatalyst due to its photochemical stability, favorable electronic properties, and efficient light absorption. Nevertheless, its practical applications are hindered by limitations such as low specific surface area, rapid recombination of photogenerated charge carriers, poor electrical conductivity, and restricted photo-response ranges. This review explores recent advancements in the synthesis, modification and application of g-C₃N₄and its nanocomposites with a focus on addressing these challenges. Key strategies for enhancing g-C₃N₄include various synthesis methods (solvothermal, microwave-assisted, sol-gel, and vapor deposition), doping, defect engineering, heterojunction formation, and surface modifications. Their potential in energy storage and conversion applications, including photocatalytic hydrogen production, carbon dioxide reduction, nitrogen fixation, and electrochemical energy storage are also highlighted. Overall, the review underscores the importance of structural and morphological modifications in improving the photoelectrochemical performance of g-C₃N₄-based nanocomposites, providing insights for future development and optimization.