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Related Concept Videos

Delivery Pathways to the Lysosome01:36

Delivery Pathways to the Lysosome

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Eukaryotic cells use different mechanisms to eliminate toxic waste obsolete and worn-out substances. Lysosomes play a pivotal role in this, and hence, these substances are carried to the lysosome from other parts of the cell and extracellular space through different pathways. The most elaborately studied pathways to the lysosome are the endocytic pathways.
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Autophagy is a self-digesting process by which a cell protects itself from threats both within and outside the cell, ranging from abnormal proteins to invading bacteria. In this process, obsolete components of the cell and invading microbes are degraded by hydrolytic enzymes active in an acidic environment of the lysosomal lumen.
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Intraluminal vesicles (ILVs) are small vesicles 50-80 nm in diameter formed during the maturation of early endosomes. A specialized endosome containing numerous ILVs is called a multivesicular body (MVB). ILVs contain internalized molecules such as antigens, nucleic acids, proteins, and metabolites. Some of these molecules are released from the MVBs inside exosomes and are transported to other cells. Other MVBs contain molecules that are retained in the ILVs and are later degraded within the...
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Lysosomes are membrane-enclosed spherical sacs derived from the Golgi apparatus. The most important function of the lysosome is degrading macromolecules and biological polymers that are released during membrane trafficking events such as the secretory, endocytic, autophagic, and phagocytic pathways. The degradation is carried out by several hydrolytic enzymes active in an acidic environment of the lysosomal lumen. These acid hydrolases are involved in cellular processes such as cell signaling,...
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Cells pull particles inward and engulf them in spherical vesicles in an energy-requiring process called endocytosis. Phagocytosis (“cellular eating”) is one of three major types of endocytosis. Cells use phagocytosis to take in large objects—such as other cells (or their debris), bacteria, and even viruses.
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The recycling endosome, also known as the endosomal recycling compartment (ERC), is a part of the slow-recycling process of the endocytic pathway. Molecules internalized through receptor-mediated endocytosis are either degraded in the lysosomes or are recycled to the plasma membrane through the fast- or slow-recycling route.
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Updated: May 31, 2025

Exploring the Regulation of Lipid Droplet Catabolism through Lipophagy
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Microlipophagy from Simple to Complex Eukaryotes.

Ravinder Kumar1, Colin Arrowood2, Micah B Schott3

  • 1Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Translational Science, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA.

Cells
|January 24, 2025
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Microlipophagy, the breakdown of lipid droplets, is conserved across eukaryotes. This review explores its role in cellular processes and diseases, highlighting gaps in understanding its signaling mechanisms.

Keywords:
autophagychaperon-mediated autophagylipid dropletslipophagymacroautophagymacrolipophagymicroautophagymicrolipophagyselective autophagyvacuolar microdomains

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Area of Science:

  • Cell Biology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Lipophagy is the lysosomal degradation of lipid droplets, crucial for energy and membrane synthesis.
  • While macrolipophagy is dominant in animals, microlipophagy is conserved across eukaryotes.
  • Understanding microlipophagy is vital due to its emerging roles in cellular functions and disease.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the conservation of microlipophagy across eukaryotic organisms.
  • To discuss the significance of microlipophagy in various diseases.
  • To identify knowledge gaps concerning microlipophagy, particularly in complex multicellular organisms.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review focusing on microlipophagy.
  • Comparative analysis of microlipophagy across different species.
  • Tabular presentation of organisms and cell types exhibiting microlipophagy.

Main Results:

  • Microlipophagy is conserved from unicellular eukaryotes to complex multicellular organisms.
  • Many eukaryotic cells can utilize both microlipophagy and macrolipophagy.
  • Evidence suggests microlipophagy's involvement in disease pathogenesis.

Conclusions:

  • Microlipophagy is a fundamental and conserved cellular process.
  • Further research is needed to elucidate the signaling pathways regulating microlipophagy.
  • Understanding microlipophagy is critical for advancing knowledge in cell biology and disease.