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Related Concept Videos

Finding Electric Potential From Electric Field01:13

Finding Electric Potential From Electric Field

For a system of charges, it is easy to calculate the system's potential because potential is a scalar quantity. However, in some instances where calculating the electric field is more straightforward than finding the potential, the electric field is used to calculate the system's potential. For a positive charge, the electric field is radially outward, and the potential is positive at any finite distance from the positive charge. In such an electric field, the motion away from the positive...
Induced Electric Fields: Applications01:27

Induced Electric Fields: Applications

An important distinction exists between the electric field induced by a changing magnetic field and the electrostatic field produced by a fixed charge distribution. Specifically, the induced electric field is nonconservative because it does not work in moving a charge over a closed path. In contrast, the electrostatic field is conservative and does no net work over a closed path. Hence, electric potential can be associated with the electrostatic field but not the induced field. The following...
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The German physicist Heinrich Hertz (1857–1894) was the first to generate and detect certain types of electromagnetic waves in the laboratory. Starting in 1887, he performed a series of experiments that confirmed the existence of electromagnetic waves and verified that they travel at the speed of light. Hertz used an alternating-current RLC (resistor-inductor-capacitor) circuit that resonated at a known frequency and connected it to a loop of wire. High voltages induced across the gap in the...
Electromagnetic Fields01:30

Electromagnetic Fields

Electric fields generated by static charges, often referred to as electrostatic fields, are characteristically different from electric fields created by time-varying magnetic fields. While the former is a conservative field, implying that no net work is done on a test charge if it goes around in a complete loop in the field, the latter is, by definition, not a conservative field; net work is done, and it is proportional to the rate of change of magnetic flux.
However, the observation of Gauss's...
DC Battery01:21

DC Battery

A conductor needs to be a component of a path that creates a closed loop or full circuit to have a continuous current flowing through it. A current starts to flow if an electric field is created inside an isolated conductor that is not part of a full circuit. The conductor quickly develops a net positive charge at one end and a net negative charge at the other. These charges generate an electric field opposite the direction of the applied electric field, which reduces the current. Eventually,...
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Carrier Generation and Recombination

Carrier generation is the process by which electron-hole pairs (EHPs) are created within the semiconductor. In direct-bandgap semiconductors, such as gallium arsenide (GaAs), this occurs efficiently when energy absorption prompts valence electrons to leap into the conduction band, leaving behind holes.
This process is given by the generation rate G and is efficient due to the conservation of momentum between the valence band maximum and conduction band minimum.
Indirect generation involves an...

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Stable Field Emissions from Zirconium Carbide Nanoneedle Electron Source.

Yimeng Wu1,2, Jie Tang1,2, Shuai Tang3

  • 1Research Center for Energy and Environmental Materials, National Institute for Materials Science, Tsukuba 305-0047, Ibaraki, Japan.

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Researchers fabricated a single zirconium carbide nanoneedle using focused ion beam-scanning electron microscopy. This nanoneedle demonstrates stable field emission, showing potential as a reliable electron source for advanced devices.

Keywords:
electron sourcenanoneedlestable field emissionzirconium carbide

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Nanotechnology
  • Physics

Background:

  • Field emission electron sources are crucial for various electron-beam devices.
  • Controlled fabrication of nanostructures is essential for optimizing field emission properties.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To fabricate a single zirconium carbide (ZrC) nanoneedle structure.
  • To evaluate the field emission characteristics and current stability of the ZrC nanoneedle.
  • To demonstrate the potential of ZrC as a field emission emitter.

Main Methods:

  • Fabrication of a single ZrC nanoneedle using a dual-beam focused ion beam (FIB-SEM) system.
  • Real-time observation for controlled nanostructure fabrication.
  • Evaluation of field emission properties in a high-vacuum chamber.

Main Results:

  • ZrC nanoneedle with a smooth surface, tip radius < 20 nm, and length > 2 μm.
  • Turn-on voltage of 210 V, achieving 100 nA emission current at 325 V.
  • Stable emission for 150 min with 1.4% fluctuation and current density of 1.4 × 10^10 A m^-2.

Conclusions:

  • An efficient and controllable method for fabricating nanostructures was presented.
  • ZrC is a viable material for field emission emitters.
  • The fabricated ZrC nanoneedle shows potential as a high-performance electron source for electron-beam devices.