T4 Phage Displaying Dual Antigen Clusters Against H3N2 Influenza Virus Infection.

Area of Science:

• Virology
• Immunology
• Nanotechnology

Background:

• Current H3N2 influenza subunit vaccines have limited immunogenicity and effectiveness.
• Influenza virus infections pose a significant global health challenge.

Purpose of the Study:

• To develop a T4 phage-based nanovaccine displaying both HA1 and M2e antigens of the H3N2 influenza virus.
• To enhance the immunogenicity and protective efficacy against H3N2 influenza.

Main Methods:

• Constructed a nanovaccine by fusing HA1 and M2e antigens to T4 phage proteins (Soc and Hoc).
• Displayed dual HA1 and M2e antigens on a modified T4 phage (Soc-Hoc-T4).
• Evaluated antigen display density and immunogenicity in animal models.

Main Results:

• Each nanovaccine particle displayed approximately 179 HA1 and 68 M2e antigen molecules.
• Nanoparticle vaccination induced stronger immune responses, higher antibody titers, and balanced Th1/Th2 responses.
• Achieved 100% protection against H3N2 influenza virus challenge in immunized mice.

Conclusions:

• T4 phage-displayed antigen clusters demonstrate potent immunogenicity and protective effects.
• This nanovaccine platform is a promising strategy for developing subunit vaccines against influenza and other viruses.