Related Experiment Video
Updated: May 31, 2025

Versatile CO2 Transformations into Complex Products: A One-pot Two-step Strategy
Published on: November 9, 2019
Valorization of Oil Cakes in Two-Pot Lactone Biosynthesis Process
Jolanta Małajowicz1, Agata Fabiszewska1, Bartłomiej Zieniuk1
1Department of Chemistry, Institute of Food Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Str. Nowoursynowska 159C, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland.
Abstract:
Oil cakes are biomass wastes created by pressing oil from oilseeds. Their chemical composition (including high fat or protein content, a favorable fatty acid profile, and a high proportion of unsaturated acids) makes them valuable raw materials not only in animal feeding but are increasingly gaining popularity in biotechnological processes. This article examines the possibility of valorizing oil cakes using the lipid fraction extracted from them or their raw form in a two-pot biosynthesis process of GDDL-a cyclic ester with a creamy-peach aroma. This study tested five types of oil cakes (hemp seeds, rapeseed, safflower, camelina, and flax), analyzing their physicochemical composition and the fatty acid profile of their lipid fraction. Due to the high content of oleic acid (over 62% lipid fraction) and the wide availability, rapeseed cake was used in the biotransformation process. The synthesis of GDDL involved a three-step process: hydrolysis of triacylglycerols, hydration of oleic acid (via lactic acid bacteria in anaerobic conditions), and β-oxidation (via Yarrowia yeast, aerobic process). The analysis showed that it is possible to produce because of the two-pot biotransformation of approximately 1.7 g of GDDL/dm3. These results highlight the process's potential and justify the feasibility of waste valorization. The proposed biotransformation requires optimization and is a good example of the application of the circular economy in food processing and waste management.
Related Concept Videos
Alkylation of β-Ketoester Enolates: Acetoacetic Ester Synthesis
α-Alkylation of Ketones via Enolate Ions
Preparation of Carboxylic Acids: Overview
Alkylation of β-Diester Enolates: Malonic Ester Synthesis
Ketones with Nonenolizable Aromatic Aldehydes: Claisen–Schmidt Condensation
As the self-condensation of ketones is generally not favored in basic conditions, the self-condensed products do not form in the reaction between ketones and benzaldehyde. The general reaction of Claisen–Schmidt...
Nonenolizable Aldehydes to Acids and Alcohols: The Cannizzaro Reaction

