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Towards the Measurement of Sea-Ice Thickness Using a Time-Domain Inductive Measurement System.

Danny Hills¹, Becan Lawless¹, Rauan Khangerey¹

¹Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK.

Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)

|January 25, 2025

Summary

A new time-domain electromagnetic induction (EMI) sensor estimates sea-ice thickness by analyzing signal properties over a range of frequencies. This novel method offers a non-destructive approach to measuring the distance to the sea surface, crucial for sea-ice assessment.

Keywords:

EMI broadband electromagnetic induction electromagnetic sensing sea-ice thickness time-domain metal detection

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Area of Science:

Geophysics
Oceanography
Remote Sensing

Background:

Frequency-domain electromagnetic induction (EMI) is standard for detecting seawater and inferring sea-ice thickness (SIT).
Existing methods often rely on single-frequency measurements, limiting their precision.
Seawater's high electrical conductivity is a key property exploited by EMI sensors.

Purpose of the Study:

To introduce and validate a novel time-domain EMI sensor for measuring sea-ice thickness (SIT).
To explore the correlation between spectroscopic properties of EMI signals and the distance to the sea surface.
To establish a non-destructive method for SIT assessment using a broad frequency range.

Main Methods:

A time-domain EMI sensor was developed and tested in a tidal pool with seawater (conductivity 57.3 mS/cm).
Measurements were conducted at varying heights (0.2-1.9 m) and inclinations (0°-45°).
Data were correlated with Finite Element Modeling (FEM) simulations using COMSOL, followed by post-processing.

Main Results:

A correlation was established between the EMI response and the distance to the sea surface, serving as a proxy for SIT.
The sensor accurately estimated the distance to the sea surface within approximately 10% for heights up to 1.5 m.
Accuracy was maintained within 15% for heights up to 1.9 m.

Conclusions:

The developed time-domain EMI sensor provides a novel, non-destructive method for estimating sea-ice thickness.
Utilizing a frequency range (10 kHz to 93 kHz) enhances SIT measurement capabilities compared to single-frequency methods.
The sensor's ability to correlate signal spectroscopy with distance to seawater demonstrates its potential for accurate sea-ice monitoring.