Unveiling the Redox Characteristics of Rutin Trihydrate-Canvas-Based Sensor for Hydrazine Sensing in Water Samples

The inclusion of redox mediators into electrocatalytic systems facilitates rapid electron shuttling kinetics and boosts the overall catalytic performance of the electrode. This approach overcomes the sluggish reaction dynamics associated with direct electron transfer, which may be impeded by restricted analyte access to the electrode's active sites. In contrast to conventional synthetic redox mediators, naturally sourced phytomolecule rutin trihydrate (RT), extracted from apple juice, offers potential ecological advantages. This bands with green chemistry principles and sustainability in electroanalytical approaches. The current work presents an eco-friendly and direct electrochemical approach to fabricate a redox-active RT-immobilized MWCNT-infused PEDOT hybrid material-modified glassy carbon electrode (GCE/MWCNT + PEDOT@RT). The developed electrode showcased a sharp and stable redox signal at E⁰ = 0.63 V vs Ag/AgCl with no surface-fouling characteristics. The efficacious functionalization of RT onto MWCNT + PEDOT was corroborated by a remarkable increase in the surface characteristics, enhanced electrochemical current responses, and low charge transfer resistance. The GCE/MWCNT + PEDOT@RT exhibited highly selective and sensitive sensing responses toward the toxic and potentially carcinogenic hydrazine (HZ) via cyclic voltammetry and differential pulse voltammetry techniques, yielding a low detection limit (D_L) of 1.02 μM and a sensitivity of 0.032 μA μM^-1 in a linear dynamic range between 0 and 1350 μM. In addition, the method was highly efficient for HZ detection in real samples of tanker, tap, and wastewater samples, producing a good recovery of ∼98%.