Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Information Processing Approach01:30

Information Processing Approach

30
The information-processing theory of cognitive development centers on fundamental mental processes, including attention, memory, and problem-solving skills. Researchers in this field examine how cognitive abilities, such as working memory, evolve and influence children's overall development. Studies indicate that children with stronger working memory tend to excel in reading comprehension, math, and problem-solving compared to peers with less efficient memory skills. Low working memory is...
30
Working Memory01:24

Working Memory

127
Working memory refers to a combination of components, including short-term memory and attention, that allow an individual to hold information temporarily as we perform cognitive tasks. It is an essential cognitive function that enables the execution of complex tasks such as problem-solving, comprehension, and reasoning. Unlike short-term memory, which simply involves the storage of information for a brief period, working memory involves the active manipulation and processing of this...
127
Chunking and Rehearsal in Sensory Memory01:22

Chunking and Rehearsal in Sensory Memory

143
Improving short-term memory can be achieved through techniques like chunking and rehearsal. Chunking involves organizing information into larger, more manageable units. This technique is particularly useful for information that exceeds the typical memory span of between five and nine items. For instance, logging into an online account with a password like "ta89vq0179gz" involves grouping letters and numbers into three chunks—ta89, vq01, and 79gz. It makes large amounts of...
143
Chunking01:12

Chunking

56
Chunking is a powerful cognitive technique that improves short-term memory retention by organizing information into smaller, more manageable units. The brain, limited by working memory capacity, can more easily process and store information when it is divided into "chunks" rather than presented as discrete, unrelated elements. Chunking is especially useful when dealing with large amounts of information, such as numerical sequences, words, or complex ideas.
The principle behind chunking...
56
Storage01:23

Storage

68
A schema is a mental framework that helps individuals organize and interpret information. Schemata, formed from previous experiences, influence how we process new information: how we encode it, the inferences we make, and how we retrieve it. For instance, a schema for what a typical classroom looks like might include desks, a teacher's desk, a whiteboard, and students in such an environment. This expectation helps us quickly understand and navigate new classrooms without needing to analyze...
68
Role of Cerebellum and Prefrontal Cortex in Memory01:14

Role of Cerebellum and Prefrontal Cortex in Memory

349
The cerebellum, while traditionally associated with motor control, also plays a crucial role in memory, particularly in procedural memory, which involves learning motor tasks that become automatic through repetition. For example, studies have shown that when the cerebellum is damaged, individuals or animals lose the ability to learn conditioned motor responses, such as the conditioned eye-blink response in classical conditioning experiments with rabbits. This study demonstrates the...
349

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Testing the interleaving effect without response bias: A forced-choice reevaluation of Kornell and Bjork (2008).

Psychonomic bulletin & review·2026
Same author

Mapping shared and specific cortical after-effects of repetitive TMS on brain function.

BMC medicine·2026
Same author

How Much Do You Remember When It's up to You? Measuring Memory Use Without Response Bias in Young Children.

Developmental science·2026
Same author

Reciprocity norms can promote dishonesty in children.

Child development·2026
Same author

Intuitive or deliberative dishonesty: The effect of abstract versus concrete victim.

PloS one·2026
Same author

Moral Stories Can Promote Honesty in Chinese Young Children.

Behavioral sciences (Basel, Switzerland)·2025

Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 30, 2025

Examining Recall Memory in Infancy and Early Childhood Using the Elicited Imitation Paradigm
06:35

Examining Recall Memory in Infancy and Early Childhood Using the Elicited Imitation Paradigm

Published on: April 28, 2016

33.9K

The Extended Mind in Young Children: Cost-Dependent Trade-Off Between External and Internal Memory.

Yibiao Liang1,2, Erik Blaser1, Jia Ying Yi3

  • 1Department of Psychology, University of Massachusetts Boston.

Psychological Science
|January 27, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Young children learn to balance using external memory aids with their own working memory. As access to external lists became harder, children used them less but improved their shopping accuracy.

Keywords:
cognitive developmentcognitive effortcross-cultural samplesextended mindpreregisteredworking memory

More Related Videos

A Method for Investigating Age-related Differences in the Functional Connectivity of Cognitive Control Networks Associated with Dimensional Change Card Sort Performance
09:01

A Method for Investigating Age-related Differences in the Functional Connectivity of Cognitive Control Networks Associated with Dimensional Change Card Sort Performance

Published on: May 7, 2014

10.1K
Assessing Working Memory in Children: The Comprehensive Assessment Battery for Children – Working Memory (CABC-WM)
09:05

Assessing Working Memory in Children: The Comprehensive Assessment Battery for Children – Working Memory (CABC-WM)

Published on: June 12, 2017

29.5K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 30, 2025

Examining Recall Memory in Infancy and Early Childhood Using the Elicited Imitation Paradigm
06:35

Examining Recall Memory in Infancy and Early Childhood Using the Elicited Imitation Paradigm

Published on: April 28, 2016

33.9K
A Method for Investigating Age-related Differences in the Functional Connectivity of Cognitive Control Networks Associated with Dimensional Change Card Sort Performance
09:01

A Method for Investigating Age-related Differences in the Functional Connectivity of Cognitive Control Networks Associated with Dimensional Change Card Sort Performance

Published on: May 7, 2014

10.1K
Assessing Working Memory in Children: The Comprehensive Assessment Battery for Children – Working Memory (CABC-WM)
09:05

Assessing Working Memory in Children: The Comprehensive Assessment Battery for Children – Working Memory (CABC-WM)

Published on: June 12, 2017

29.5K

Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Development
  • Psychology
  • Human Memory

Background:

  • Working memory research often focuses on internal recall.
  • The concept of the extended mind highlights external information integration.
  • Adults strategically use external resources, adjusting based on access costs.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Investigate the trade-off between external resource use and working memory in children.
  • Examine how varying access costs influence children's strategy in a memory task.
  • Explore the development of the extended mind concept in early childhood.

Main Methods:

  • A virtual shopping game was designed for 5- to 8-year-old children.
  • Access cost to the shopping list was manipulated via a delay (0-4 seconds).
  • Experiments were conducted across two sites (USA and China) with 141 participants.

Main Results:

  • Children revisited the list less frequently as access cost increased.
  • When access was more costly, children studied the list for longer durations.
  • Increased access cost correlated with higher accuracy in selecting correct items.
  • Children demonstrated awareness of the access costs, perceiving no-delay conditions as easier.

Conclusions:

  • Young children exhibit a cost-dependent trade-off between using external memory aids and internal working memory.
  • This study provides evidence for the developing extended mind in early childhood.
  • Children's strategic use of external resources is sensitive to the effort required for access.