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    Area of Science:

    • Physical Sciences
    • Spectroscopy
    • Quantum Optics

    Background:

    • Electric-field oscillations are measurable in the THz-to-PHz range, offering rich information via optical spectroscopy.
    • Sensitivity limitations in nonlinear mixing for field sampling have hindered applications like molecular vibration spectroscopy.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To demonstrate sensitive electric-field sampling of octave-spanning mid-infrared waves.
    • To overcome sensitivity limitations in current optical spectroscopy techniques.

    Main Methods:

    • Utilized powerful 2-µm gate pulses for electric-field sampling.
    • Focused on the 18-to-39 THz (600-to-1300 cm⁻¹) spectral region.
    • Achieved sampling of mid-infrared waves with amplitudes from MV/cm down to mV/cm.

    Main Results:

    • Demonstrated octave-spanning electric-field sampling in the mid-infrared.
    • Achieved high sensitivity, approaching the ultimate detection limit.
    • Showcased high linearity with respect to the detected mid-infrared field.

    Conclusions:

    • Powerful 2-µm gate pulses are crucial for high-sensitivity electric-field sampling.
    • The developed method significantly enhances dynamic range and linearity in spectroscopy.
    • Enables advanced (non-)linear spectroscopy of solids, liquids, and gases using waveform-controlled infrared sources.