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Related Concept Videos

Electrical Synapses01:28

Electrical Synapses

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Electrical synapses found in all nervous systems play important and unique roles. In these synapses, the presynaptic and postsynaptic membranes are very close together (3.5 nm) and are actually physically connected by channel proteins forming gap junctions.
Gap junctions allow the current to pass directly from one cell to the next. In contrast, in the chemical synapse, the neurotransmitters carry the information through the synaptic cleft from one neuron to the next. They consist of two...
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The Synapse02:47

The Synapse

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Neurons communicate with one another by passing on their electrical signals to other neurons. A synapse is the location where two neurons meet to exchange signals. At the synapse, the neuron that sends the signal is called the presynaptic cell, while the neuron that receives the message is called the postsynaptic cell. Note that most neurons can be both presynaptic and postsynaptic, as they both transmit and receive information.
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Synaptic Signaling01:09

Synaptic Signaling

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Neurons communicate at synapses, or junctions, to excite or inhibit the activity of other neurons or target cells, such as muscles. Synapses may be chemical or electrical.
Most synapses are chemical, meaning an electrical impulse or action potential spurs the release of chemical messengers called neurotransmitters. The neuron sending the signal is called the presynaptic neuron, and the neuron receiving the signal is the postsynaptic neuron.
The presynaptic neuron fires an action potential that...
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Overview of Synapses01:25

Overview of Synapses

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A synapse is a specialized structure where two neurons connect, allowing them to pass an electrical or chemical signal to another neuron. It is the point of communication between neurons. The term "synapse" is derived from the Greek word "synapsis," which means "conjunction." The entire process of neural communication revolves around the synapse. When activated, a neuron releases chemicals known as neurotransmitters into the synapse. These neurotransmitters cross the...
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Chemical Synapses01:26

Chemical Synapses

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Chemical synapses are specialized sites between two neurons or between a neuron and a non-neuronal cell like a muscle, glandular or sensory cell.
Because chemical synapses depend on the release of neurotransmitter molecules from synaptic vesicles to pass on their signal, there is an approximately one millisecond delay between when the axon potential reaches the presynaptic terminal and when the neurotransmitter leads to opening of postsynaptic ion channels. Additionally, this signaling is...
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Neuronal Communication01:28

Neuronal Communication

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Neurons, the fundamental units of the brain and nervous system, communicate through complex electrochemical signals that underpin all cognitive and bodily functions. This communication is primarily facilitated by a process involving the generation and propagation of an action potential along the axon of the neuron. When the internal electrical charge of a neuron surpasses a certain threshold, an action potential is triggered. This rapid change in voltage travels swiftly along the axon to the...
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Updated: May 30, 2025

Assembly and Characterization of Biomolecular Memristors Consisting of Ion Channel-doped Lipid Membranes
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Soft Artificial Synapse Electronics.

Md Rayid Hasan Mojumder1, Seongchan Kim2, Cunjiang Yu3,4,5,6,7,8,9

  • 1Department of Electrical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA.

Research (Washington, D.C.)
|January 29, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Soft artificial synapses (SASs) offer a low-power solution for soft electronics by mimicking biological synapses. These flexible devices show promise in sensing and computing, but require further development for widespread application.

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science and Engineering
  • Neuroscience and Bioengineering
  • Robotics and Artificial Intelligence

Background:

  • Soft electronics are revolutionizing various fields but face challenges with low power consumption due to conventional architectures.
  • Soft artificial synapses (SASs) are emerging as a solution by replicating biological synapse functions for energy-efficient operation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review materials and device architectures for fabricating flexible and stable SASs.
  • To explore functionalized SASs for autonomous sensing of various stimuli and their applications.
  • To identify challenges and future research directions for SAS development and adoption.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of different SAS architectures (floating-gate, ferroelectric-gate, electrolyte-gate) for weight control.
  • Investigation of organic and low-dimensional materials for plasticity and energy efficiency.
  • Examination of functionalized SASs (photo-, tactile-, chemoreception-) for stimulus recognition.

Main Results:

  • Various architectures and materials enable effective weight control and energy-efficient operation in SASs.
  • Functionalized SASs demonstrate capabilities in optical, mechanical, and chemical sensing, with potential in image recognition and tactile sensing.
  • SASs show transformative potential for bioelectronics, soft robotics, and integrated systems.

Conclusions:

  • Soft artificial synapses are a promising technology for low-power, flexible electronics and advanced sensing.
  • Functionalized SASs offer biomimetic capabilities for diverse applications, including prosthetics and in vivo sensing.
  • Further research is crucial for scalability, long-term stability, and clinical adoption of SAS technology.