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Updated: May 30, 2025

Generating Acute and Chronic Experimental Models of Motor Tic Expression in Rats
Published on: May 27, 2021
The Role of CBGTC Synaptic Neurotransmission in the Pathophysiology of Tics
Harvey S Singer1, Justin Pellicciotti1
1Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA.
Abstract:
The pathophysiology of tic disorders involves an alteration in the transmission of messages through the cortico-basal ganglia-thalamo-cortical circuit. A major requirement for the passage of a message through this circuit is an intact chemically mediated synaptic neurotransmitter system (ie, neurotransmitters and second messengers). This article reviews the scientific evidence supporting the involvement of a variety of neurotransmitters (ie, dopamine, glutamate, gamma-aminobutyric acid, serotonin, acetylcholine, and the opioid system). Although there are favored neurotransmitter abnormalities, their complex interactions suggest the likelihood that several are involved in the production of tics.
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