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Related Concept Videos

Anatomy of Respiratory System I: Upper Respiratory Tract01:29

Anatomy of Respiratory System I: Upper Respiratory Tract

The upper respiratory tract plays a vital role in the respiratory system, comprising several structures that facilitate air intake and prepare air for the lungs. It also serves as the first line of defense against pathogens and particles. This tract includes the nose and nasal cavity, the oral cavity, the paranasal sinuses, and the pharynx, each with specific functions and features.
Nose and nasal cavity
The nose and nasal cavity represent the main external openings of the respiratory tract.
Anatomy of Respiratory System II: Lower Respiratory Tract01:31

Anatomy of Respiratory System II: Lower Respiratory Tract

The lower respiratory tract is anatomically composed of several vital structures, including the larynx, trachea, bronchial tree, alveoli, lungs, and pleurae. Each component has a specific function, and all are intricately connected to ensure efficient respiration.
The Larynx
It is located between the pharynx and the trachea, acts as a passageway for air, and hosts several critical structures, such as the epiglottis, vocal cords, and glottis. The epiglottis acts as a gateway, guiding food to the...
Oxygen Delivering System II: Venturi Mask and Transtracheal Oxygen01:16

Oxygen Delivering System II: Venturi Mask and Transtracheal Oxygen

Oxygen therapy is a pivotal aspect of medical care, particularly for patients with respiratory ailments. Two prominent oxygen-delivering systems include the Venturi mask and the transtracheal oxygen catheter.
Venturi Mask
The Venturi mask, named after the Venturi effect, is designed to deliver precise oxygen concentrations. It consists of a large tube with an oxygen inlet that narrows down, causing a pressure drop that pulls air in through adjustable side ports. The mask is a lightweight,...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 16, 2026

Adapting the Electrospinning Process to Provide Three Unique Environments for a Tri-layered In Vitro Model of the Airway Wall
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Developing human upper, lower, and deep lung airway models: Combining different scaffolds and developing complex

Rasika S Murkar1, Cornelia Wiese-Rischke2, Tobias Weigel3

  • 1Core Facility Tissue Engineering, Institute of Chemistry, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany.

Journal of Tissue Engineering
|January 31, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Developing advanced 3D airway models requires careful scaffold selection. Cell co-cultivation significantly impacts airway tissue model function more than scaffold materials alone.

Keywords:
3D microenvironmentAirway tissue modelscell lines (Calu-3 and A549)co-culturecollagenous and synthetic scaffold biomaterialdeep lung alveolielectrospinningextracellular matrix (ECM)lower airwayprimary human cells and stem cellsupper airway

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Last Updated: May 16, 2026

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Area of Science:

  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Tissue Engineering
  • Respiratory Biology

Background:

  • Advanced in vitro models are essential for studying human airway biology.
  • Developing biomimetic models of diverse airway regions, including the alveolar region, is critical.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and optimize 3D in vitro airway models.
  • To assess the influence of scaffold materials on distinct airway co-culture models.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized PET membranes and collagenous scaffolds for upper airway models.
  • Employed electrospun polymer membranes for alveolar models.
  • Co-cultured various cell types including Calu-3 cells, fibroblasts, primary alveolar epithelial cells (huAEC), and endothelial cells (hEC).
  • Utilized air-lift culture for tissue maturation.

Main Results:

  • PET membranes were unsuitable for alveolar models due to stiffness.
  • Collagenous scaffolds with Calu-3 cells and fibroblasts increased mucus production over 4 weeks.
  • Flexible electrospun membranes supported co-cultures of huAEC, hEC, and fibroblasts, enhancing tissue model maturation.
  • Thin scaffolds mimicking extracellular matrix (ECM) and balanced AT1/AT2 cell ratios are crucial for alveolar models.

Conclusions:

  • Cell co-cultivation has a greater influence on airway tissue model function than scaffold materials.
  • Optimized scaffold selection and cell composition are key for biomimetic airway models.