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    Researchers detected chaos in a commercial vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser (VCSEL) without external manipulation. This study characterizes the nonlinear dynamics and complexity, linking chaos to spatial mode competition and polarization effects.

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    Area of Science:

    • Nonlinear Dynamics
    • Laser Physics
    • Quantum Optics

    Background:

    • Vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs) are crucial optoelectronic devices.
    • Understanding nonlinear dynamics in lasers is essential for advanced applications.
    • Previous studies often required external perturbations to induce chaotic behavior.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To experimentally detect intrinsic chaos in a free-running commercial broad-area VCSEL.
    • To investigate the nonlinear dynamics leading to chaotic states.
    • To characterize the complexity of the chaotic behavior and identify its underlying mechanisms.

    Main Methods:

    • Experimental operation of a commercial broad-area VCSEL without external perturbations.
    • Analysis of nonlinear dynamics using chaos titration.
    • Characterization of system complexity via correlation dimension calculations.
    • Investigation of spatial mode competition and polarization dynamics.

    Main Results:

    • Successful detection of intrinsic chaos in a free-running VCSEL.
    • Characterization of the evolution of nonlinear dynamics towards chaos.
    • Quantification of system complexity using chaos titration and correlation dimension.
    • Identification of the interplay between spatial mode competition and polarization dynamics as key factors for chaos.

    Conclusions:

    • Chaos can spontaneously arise in free-running broad-area VCSELs.
    • The complex interaction of spatial modes and polarization is fundamental to intrinsic chaos.
    • This work provides insights into the fundamental physics of VCSEL dynamics and potential for chaos-based applications.