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First- and Second-Generation Women's Economic Assimilation: An Analysis of Longitudinal Earnings Records
Andrés Villarreal1, Christopher R Tamborini2
1University of California, Los Angeles.
Social Forces; a Scientific Medium of Social Study and Interpretation
|February 3, 2025
Summary
First- and second-generation immigrant women show rapid economic assimilation, but racial disparities persist. Second-generation women outperform later-generation Whites in employment, unaffected by education or childbearing.
Area of Science:
- Sociology
- Economics
- Demography
Background:
- Immigrant economic assimilation research has historically overlooked women.
- Understanding women's economic trajectories is crucial for comprehensive assimilation studies.
Purpose of the Study:
- Examine life-course employment and earnings of first- and second-generation women.
- Compare economic assimilation patterns across ethnoracial groups over 20 years.
- Investigate factors like education and childbearing influencing disparities.
Main Methods:
- Utilized restricted-use Current Population Survey (CPS) data linked to tax records.
- Analyzed age-specific employment probability and annual earnings.
- Compared women across immigrant generations and ethnoracial groups from early to middle adulthood.
Main Results:
- First- and second-generation women demonstrate fast economic assimilation, with persistent ethnoracial differences.
- First-generation Hispanic women exhibit lower employment and earnings growth.
- Second-generation women show higher employment rates than later-generation Whites, avoiding mid-adulthood employment dips.
Conclusions:
- Economic assimilation for immigrant women is occurring rapidly but unevenly across groups.
- Factors beyond education and childbearing contribute to second-generation women's employment success.
- Targeted support may be needed for groups like first-generation Hispanic women.
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