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Related Concept Videos

Bones of the Upper Limb: Humerus01:19

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The upper limb consists of the arm, forearm, wrist, and hand bones. The humerus is the single bone of the upper arm region. Proximally, it has a large, spherical, smooth head that articulates with the glenoid cavity of the scapula to form the glenohumeral or shoulder joint. The margin of the head is the anatomical neck, a residual epiphyseal plate. Laterally it extends to form bony projections called the greater tubercle and the lesser tubercle. Next to the tubercles is the surgical neck, a...
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Nine muscles are involved in arm movements. Two of these, the pectoralis major and latissimus dorsi, originate from the axial skeleton and are called axial muscles. The other seven originate from the scapula and are called the scapular muscles.
The pectoralis major has two origins. Its clavicular head originates on the medial half of the clavicle. In contrast, the sternocostal head originates on the costal cartilages of ribs 1-6, the sternum, and the aponeurosis of the external oblique of the...
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The muscles that move the forearms can be divided into four groups: forearm flexors, forearm extensors, forearm pronators, and forearm supinators. The flexors and extensors act on the elbow joint, while the pronators and supinators act on the radioulnar joints.
Forearm Flexors
The biceps brachii, brachialis, and brachioradialis are forearm flexors. The biceps brachii is made up of two heads. Its long head originates at the supraglenoid tubercle of the scapula, whereas that of the short head is...
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The ulna and radius are parallel bones of the antebrachium or the forearm. The ulna lies medially and consists of a bony tip called the olecranon process at its proximal end. This hook-like projection articulates with the olecranon fossa of the humerus and forms the "hinged" ulnohumeral part of the elbow joint. This joint facilitates forearm extension and flexion while preventing its hyperextension. Similarly, the coronoid process, another bony projection on the proximal/anterior side...
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The muscles surrounding the shoulder girdle, including the clavicle and scapula, primarily stabilize the scapula. This stable base allows other muscles to move the humerus effectively. Scapular movements often mirror those of the humerus and extend its range of motion. For instance, raising the arm above the head would not be feasible without simultaneous upward rotation of the scapula.
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The radius is longer of the two bones that make up the human antebrachium or forearm. At the proximal end, the radius articulates with the capitulum of the humerus and the radial notch of the ulna to form the elbow joint. At the distal end, the radius articulates with the ulna via the ulnar notch, forming the distal radioulnar joint. Distally, the radius also attaches to the carpal wrist bones (scaphoid and lunate) to form the radiocarpal joint.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 29, 2025

Author Spotlight: Exploring the Complexities of Achilles Tendon Injuries &#8212; Research and Future Directions
08:48

Author Spotlight: Exploring the Complexities of Achilles Tendon Injuries — Research and Future Directions

Published on: October 27, 2023

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Triceps insertion violation from commonly applied olecranon plating system: a comparison.

Ahmed A Habis1,2, Kevin Nguyen3,4, Julie Chan2

  • 1Faculty of Medicine, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.

JSES International
|February 3, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Common olecranon plating systems significantly disrupt the triceps tendon insertion, with violations reaching up to 62%. This study quantifies the extent of disruption, highlighting the need for improved plate designs and understanding of clinical implications.

Keywords:
Olecranon platesOlecranon surface areaTriceps footprintTriceps insertionTriceps surface areaTriceps violation

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Area of Science:

  • Orthopedic Surgery
  • Biomechanical Analysis
  • Anatomy

Background:

  • Surgeons often compromise tendon insertions during fracture fixation.
  • Olecranon plate fixation commonly violates the triceps tendon insertion.
  • The extent of this disruption is often underestimated.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To quantify the degree of triceps insertion violation caused by common olecranon plating systems.
  • To measure the surface area of the triceps insertion and olecranon using 3D techniques.
  • To compare 3D measurements with existing 2D data.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized six olecranon plate designs and 12 cadaveric upper extremities.
  • Digitized olecranon plates, triceps insertion footprints, and olecranon surface areas using 3D laser scanning.
  • Calculated violated triceps insertion footprint area using 3D modeling software.

Main Results:

  • Median triceps insertion footprint violation was 46% (3D) and 47% (2D).
  • Maximum violation reached 62% with Synthes - Wide VA plates.
  • Significant differences in olecranon and triceps insertion surface areas were noted between 2D and 3D methods.

Conclusions:

  • Common olecranon plating systems violate a substantial portion of the triceps insertion footprint.
  • Improved understanding of triceps footprint anatomy and disruption is crucial for optimizing plate design.
  • Further research is needed to assess the clinical implications of triceps insertion disruption.