The food of life: which nectar do mosquitoes feed on?-An evidence-based meta-analysis

Nectar is an important source of food for adult mosquitoes, influencing their biological characteristics including longevity, fecundity, and flight range. Consequently, it can impact mosquitoes' survival and efficiency in transmitting disease. Different mosquito species are known to show preferences for flower nectar from certain plants, yet despite the importance of these plant-mosquito associations, knowledge of such biotic interactions is sparse. Here, we present a systematic map to address the question: "Which nectar do mosquitoes feed on?." The mapping process identified 49 articles (comprising 51 studies) meeting inclusion criteria, detailing 397 records of 74 mosquito species feeding on nectar from 145 plant species and 109 genera. Data extracted from the map were then analyzed to better understand if mosquitoes showed preferences for specific plant nectar. A key finding from this study is clear evidence supporting the hypothesis that mosquitoes exhibit preferences for nectar from particular plant species, including 77 species of plants and 58 genera for Aedes species, 18 species of plants and 17 genera for Anopheles species, and 16 species of plants and 16 genera for Culex species (all 3 genera belong in Diptera: Culicidae). Our study also highlighted the need for further field and laboratory work in time and space and using methods that randomly selects plant species for investigation. This would facilitate a better understanding of the relationship between mosquito feeding behavior and nectar seasonality and abundance; data that are critical for the development and improvement of new mosquito control methods to tackle vector-borne diseases.