Not just passengers: effectors contribute to the assembly of the type VI secretion system as structural building...

Protein secretion systems are critical macromolecular machines employed by bacteria to interact with diverse environments and hosts during their life cycle. Cytosolically produced protein effectors are translocated across at least one membrane to the outside of the cells or directly into target cells. In most secretion systems, these effectors are mere passengers in unfolded or folded states. However, the type VI secretion system (T6SS) stands out as a powerful contractile device that requires some of its effectors as structural components. This review aims to provide an updated view of the diverse functions of effectors, especially focusing on their roles in T6SS assembly, the implications for T6SS engineering, and the potential of recently developed T6SS models to study effector-T6SS association.