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Related Concept Videos

The Phosphorus Cycle01:21

The Phosphorus Cycle

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Unlike carbon, water, and nitrogen, phosphorus is not present in the atmosphere as a gas. Instead, most phosphorus in the ecosystem exists as compounds, such as phosphate ions (PO43-), found in soil, water, sediment and rocks. Phosphorus is often a limiting nutrient (i.e., in short supply). Consequently, phosphorus is added to most agricultural fertilizers, which can cause environmental problems related to runoff in aquatic ecosystems.
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Primary Production01:06

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The total amount of energy acquired by primary producers in an ecosystem is called gross primary production (GPP). However, of this energy, producers use some for metabolic processes, and some is lost as heat, decreasing the amount of energy available to the next trophic level. The remaining usable amount of energy is called the net primary productivity (NPP). In terrestrial ecosystems, NPP is driven by climate, while light penetration and nutrient availability drive NPP in aquatic ecosystems.
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Compared with pure water, the solubility of an ionic compound is less in aqueous solutions containing a common ion (one also produced by dissolution of the ionic compound). This is an example of a phenomenon known as the common ion effect, which is a consequence of the law of mass action that may be explained using Le Chȃtelier’s principle. Consider the dissolution of silver iodide:
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Roles of Electrolytes: Calcium and Phosphate01:27

Roles of Electrolytes: Calcium and Phosphate

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Calcium and phosphate are essential electrolytes in the human body, with calcium being the most abundant mineral. Around 99% of the body's calcium is stored in the skeleton and teeth, forming a crystal lattice of mineral salts in combination with phosphates. Calcium plays crucial roles in various bodily functions such as blood clotting, neurotransmitter release, muscle tone maintenance, and nervous and muscle tissue excitability.
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Phosphate Buffer01:22

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Observed declines in upper ocean phosphate-to-nitrate availability.

Skylar D Gerace1, Jun Yu1, J Keith Moore1

  • 1Department of Earth System Science, University of California, Irvine 92697.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
|February 4, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Ocean warming deepens the phosphacline but not the nitracline, impacting marine nutrient availability. This suggests future phosphorus stress for phytoplankton, affecting ocean food webs and biogeochemistry.

Keywords:
Redfield ratioclimate changenutrientsoceanstoichiometry

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Area of Science:

  • Oceanography
  • Marine Biogeochemistry
  • Climate Change Impacts

Background:

  • Climate warming causes increased ocean stratification, potentially reducing nutrient supply to the upper ocean.
  • This nutrient reduction can decrease marine primary productivity and disrupt marine food webs.
  • Directly observing surface ocean nutrient changes is difficult due to low concentrations.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To establish nutricline depth as a reliable indicator of upper ocean nutrient availability and productivity.
  • To assess contemporary global trends in nutrient availability by analyzing nutricline depths.
  • To investigate the mechanisms influencing nutrient trends using Earth System Model simulations.

Main Methods:

  • Quantified nutricline depths using a global database of observed vertical nitrate and phosphate profiles (1972-2022).
  • Analyzed trends in phosphacline (P-nutricline) and nitracline (N-nutricline) depths.
  • Utilized Earth System Model (ESM) simulations to test hypotheses regarding stratification effects and nutrient cycling.

Main Results:

  • The phosphacline is predominantly deepening globally, particularly in the southern hemisphere.
  • The nitracline shows largely stable trends.
  • ESM simulations indicate reduced iron stress and increased nitrogen fixation buffer the nitracline against stratification, unlike the phosphacline.

Conclusions:

  • Contemporary trends suggest increasing phosphorus stress, but not nitrogen stress, for marine phytoplankton.
  • These trends are projected to continue, with significant implications for ocean biogeochemistry.
  • Differential nutrient stress will impact marine food web dynamics and ecosystem functioning.