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Related Concept Videos

Aldehydes and Ketones with Water: Hydrate Formation01:20

Aldehydes and Ketones with Water: Hydrate Formation

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An oxygen-based nucleophile, like water, can undergo addition reactions with aldehydes and ketones. The reaction leads to the formation of hydrates, also referred to as 1,1-diols or geminal diols.
The formation of hydrates is a reversible reaction. Hydrate formation is influenced by steric and electronic factors accompanying the alkyl substituents on the carbonyl group: The rate of hydrate formation increases with a decrease in the number of alkyl groups attached to the carbonyl carbon. Hence,...
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Reduction of Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation02:13

Reduction of Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation

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Alkenes undergo reduction by the addition of molecular hydrogen to give alkanes. Because the process generally occurs in the presence of a transition-metal catalyst, the reaction is called catalytic hydrogenation.
Metals like palladium, platinum, and nickel are commonly used in their solid forms — fine powder on an inert surface. As these catalysts remain insoluble in the reaction mixture, they are referred to as heterogeneous catalysts.
The hydrogenation process takes place on the...
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Hydrogen Bonds01:04

Hydrogen Bonds

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A hydrogen bond is formed when a weakly positive hydrogen atom already bonded to one electronegative atom (for example, the oxygen in the water molecule) is attracted to another electronegative atom from another polar molecule, such as water (H2O), hydrogen fluoride (HF), or ammonia (NH3). The huge electronegativity difference between the H atom (2.1) and the atom to which it is bonded (4.0 for an F atom, 3.5 for an O atom, or 3.0 for an N atom), combined with the very small size of an H atom...
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Batteries and Fuel Cells03:12

Batteries and Fuel Cells

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A battery is a galvanic cell that is used as a source of electrical power for specific applications. Modern batteries exist in a multitude of forms to accommodate various applications, from tiny button batteries such as those that power wristwatches to the very large batteries used to supply backup energy to municipal power grids. Some batteries are designed for single-use applications and cannot be recharged (primary cells), while others are based on conveniently reversible cell reactions that...
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Radical Substitution: Hydrogenolysis of Alkyl Halides with Tributyltin Hydride01:26

Radical Substitution: Hydrogenolysis of Alkyl Halides with Tributyltin Hydride

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Radical substitution reactions can be used to remove functional groups from molecules. The hydrogenolysis of alkyl halides is one such reaction, where the weak Sn–H bond in tributyltin hydride reacts with alkyl halides to form alkanes. Here, the reagent Bu3SnH yields tributyltin halide as a byproduct.
The bonds formed in this reaction are stronger than the bonds broken, making it energetically favorable. The reaction follows a radical chain mechanism similar to radical halogenation...
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Aldehydes and Ketones with HCN: Cyanohydrin Formation Overview01:32

Aldehydes and Ketones with HCN: Cyanohydrin Formation Overview

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Cyanohydrins are compounds that contain –CN and –OH groups on the same carbon atom. They are formed by the nucleophilic addition of the cyanide ions to the carbonyl group. Cyanide ions are highly basic and nucleophilic and can be generated from HCN under aqueous conditions. However, since HCN is a weak acid, the number of cyanide ions generated is very small. Hence, a small amount of base or KCN/NaCN is added to HCN to increase the concentration of the cyanide ions in the reaction...
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Updated: May 29, 2025

A Simple, Low-cost, and Robust System to Measure the Volume of Hydrogen Evolved by Chemical Reactions with Aqueous Solutions
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Silicon-Based Sodium Hydride Core-Shell Structure for Portable Hydrolytic Hydrogen Generation.

Ali Hammad1,2, Siyi Zou1,2, Fandi Ning2

  • 1School of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China.

ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces
|February 5, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Sodium hydride (NaH) integrated with silicon (Si) enhances hydrogen production. This NaH/Si composite offers a safe, portable, and efficient method for generating hydrogen fuel, overcoming silicon

Keywords:
H2 storageSi hydrolysiscore–shell structuremicrostructure siliconportable hydrolytic hydrogen productionsodium hydride

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Chemical Engineering
  • Renewable Energy

Background:

  • Hydrogen production via silicon (Si) hydrolysis is a promising, eco-friendly technology.
  • Challenges include silicon's protective oxide layer and slow hydrolysis rates, hindering practical use.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop an efficient hydrogen generation material by addressing the limitations of silicon hydrolysis.
  • To investigate the use of sodium hydride (NaH) to create NaH/Si composites for improved hydrogen production.

Main Methods:

  • Fabrication of NaH/Si core-shell composites using a simple, one-step hand-mixing method.
  • Characterization of the composites using X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and nanoindentation.
  • Evaluation of hydrogen generation performance and rates through hydrolysis reactions.

Main Results:

  • NaH/Si composites achieved an 83% hydrogen yield and a generation rate of 52.7 mL/min.
  • NaH effectively broke down the silicon oxide layer, promoting complete silicon hydrolysis.
  • NaH/Si composites demonstrated superior performance compared to calcium hydride (CaH2)/Si composites.

Conclusions:

  • Sodium hydride is crucial for enhancing silicon hydrolysis and maximizing hydrogen yield.
  • NaH/Si composites represent a cost-effective and portable material for practical hydrogen production.
  • This innovative approach offers potential for advancing hydrogen energy technologies.