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Updated: May 29, 2025

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Mixed gain detector configurations for time-resolved X-ray solution scattering.

Morten Lunn Haubro1, Joseph Pon2, Philip Adam Hart3

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Journal of Synchrotron Radiation
|February 6, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Configuring X-ray detectors with mixed gain modes offers advantages for X-ray free-electron laser experiments. This approach enhances dynamic range and signal-to-noise ratio without complex auto-ranging, improving data quality for scattering techniques.

Keywords:
XFELdetectordetector non-linearitydiffuse scatteringgain switching

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Area of Science:

  • X-ray science and technology
  • Detector physics and instrumentation

Background:

  • X-ray free-electron lasers (XFELs) produce intense, short pulses, posing detection challenges.
  • Large fluctuations in self-amplified spontaneous emission (SASE) complicate experimental measurements.
  • The ePix10ka2M detector at the Linac Coherent Light Source (LCLS) uses multiple gain modes and auto-ranging to manage dynamic range and noise.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the feasibility of using a fixed mix of different gain modes on X-ray detectors for diffuse scattering techniques.
  • To evaluate the impact of mixed gain modes on detector linearity, dynamic range, and signal-to-noise ratio.
  • To develop an optimal configuration scheme for mixed gain modes to minimize saturation and maximize signal detection.

Main Methods:

  • Configured individual application-specific integrated circuits (ASICs) within the ePix10ka2M detector in separate gain modes.
  • Analyzed the intensity linearity of the gain response across different gain mode configurations.
  • Assessed the effective dynamic range and signal-to-noise ratio under mixed gain mode conditions.

Main Results:

  • Configuring ASICs in separate gain modes did not significantly impact intensity linearity.
  • Mixed gain modes showed limited effects on the effective dynamic range in regions with different gain settings.
  • Small non-linear gain contributions (<5%) were observed when pixels on the same ASIC were in different gain modes.

Conclusions:

  • A fixed mix of different gain modes provides advantages similar to auto-ranging for diffuse scattering techniques at XFELs.
  • This mixed gain configuration scheme minimizes saturation in high/medium gain regions while maximizing pixels with higher gain.
  • The proposed configuration scheme improves signal-to-noise ratio and simplifies detector operation compared to auto-ranging.