Progress on layered double hydroxides as green materials in sustainable agricultural production

As the global population continues to grow, there is increasing demand for high-quality and high-yield food. However, traditional agrochemicals such as fertilizers and pesticides suffer from low utilization rates and can be hazardous to non-target organisms and the soil environment. Two-dimensional layered double hydroxides (LDHs) have attracted considerable attention in the agricultural sector owing to their excellent properties. To alleviate the general concern about the use of LDH materials in combination with agrochemicals, this paper presents a comprehensive overview of the structure, properties, preparation methods, and cytotoxicity of LDHs, with a focus on the advantages and disadvantages of different synthesis methods. In addition, the current research status of the application of LDHs as green materials in modern agricultural production is presented, and the applications of nano fertilizers for promoting crop growth, nano pesticides for efficient herbicide and insecticide, efficient adsorption of pollutants and soil heavy metal ions to maintain soil stability, and applications in genetic modification and enhancement of plant photosynthesis are discussed in detail. Finally, future research directions for LDH are envisioned. We hope that this study will promote the use of LDH materials in agricultural practices.