Fatal pneumonia with repeated detection of Talaromyces columbinus two years after haploidentical transplantation

Talaromyces columbinus was previously reported in two patients with lung infections under the name Penicillium piceum and one case of dual infection with Aspergillus calidoustus was recently reported.; currently, no treatment has been established. We identified a 61-year-old woman with fatal pneumonia with repeated detection of T. columbinus that developed two years after haploidentical transplantation using alemtuzumab for chronic myeloid leukemia in the blast phase. Seven months after transplantation, her minimal residual disease (MRD) turned positive. Thus, ponatinib was restarted, which resulted in MRD becoming negative again. Nine months after transplantation, she developed autoimmune hemolytic anemia (AIHA); treatment with prednisone (PSL) 35 mg was started. PSL was discontinued one year ten months after transplantation, but was resumed at 5 mg after relapse one year eleven months after transplantation. Two years after transplantation, she developed cough, and a CT scan showed bilateral pulmonary infiltrates. Initiation of antibiotics, voriconazole (VRCZ), posaconazole (PSCZ) and liposomal amphotericin B (L-AMB) did not improve her condition. Sputum culture detected Penicillium species, which was identified as T. columbinus by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Since the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC)/minimal effective concentration (MEC) ratio was lower for echinocandins, micafungin (MCFG) was added to L-AMB. However, the patient died of respiratory failure on day 38 of admission. This is the first reported case of T. columbinus infection in Japan. Managing this infection is challenging due to the lack of established diagnostic methods and treatments. Proactive diagnostic testing and case accumulation are needed.