[Therapy-related myeloid neoplasms with inv (16)(p13.1q22);CBFB::MYH11 during treatment for AL amyloidosis]

[Patient] A 65-year-old man. [History of present illness] An abnormal chest shadow was noted in March of 2011, and hoarseness was observed in November of 2017. Both times, AL amyloidosis was diagnosed by biopsy. The patient was admitted to our department for treatment in March 2018, and received 6 cycles of melphalan plus dexamethasone for systemic AL amyloidosis in May. His condition was good, but a blood test in August 2019 showed white blood cells 50,000/µl and 44.9% blasts in the peripheral blood, leading to a diagnosis of treatment-related acute leukemia (AML with inv (16)(p13.1q22);CBFB::MYH11). He achieved complete remission with standard treatment, but relapsed in May 2020, CNS relapsed in September 2020, CNS relapsed again in July 2021, and CNS relapsed a third time in May 2022. He underwent intensive chemotherapy, whole brain radiation therapy, 13 rounds of intrathecal injection, and five cycles of venetoclax plus azacitidine, but his general condition gradually worsened. He was transferred to best supportive care in November and died in June 2023. [Discussion] Although advances in treatment have extended survival in systemic AL amyloidosis, long-term follow-up for secondary cancer is important for patients with long-term exposure, as in this case.