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Photoreceptors and Visual Pathways

Photoreceptors and Visual Pathways

At the molecular level, visual signals trigger transformations in photopigment molecules, resulting in changes in the photoreceptor cell's membrane potential. The photon's energy level is denoted by its wavelength, with each specific wavelength of visible light associated with a distinct color. The spectral range of visible light, classified as electromagnetic radiation, spans from 380 to 720 nm. Electromagnetic radiation wavelengths exceeding 720 nm fall under the infrared category,...

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The eye is a spherical, hollow structure composed of three tissue layers. The outer layer — the fibrous tunic, comprises the sclera — a white structure — and the cornea, which is transparent. The sclera encompasses some of the ocular surface, most of which is not visible. However, the 'white of the eye' is distinctively visible in humans compared to other species. The cornea, a clear covering at the front of the eye, enables light penetration. The eye's middle...

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Most organisms use photoreceptors to sense and respond to light. Examples of photoreceptors include bacteriorhodopsins and bacteriophytochromes in some bacteria, phytochromes in plants, and rhodopsins in the photoreceptor cells of the vertebral retina. The light-sensitive property of these receptors is because of the bound chromophores, such as bilin in the phytochromes and retinal in the rhodopsins.
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The Retina

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Vision

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Vision is the result of light being detected and transduced into neural signals by the retina of the eye. This information is then further analyzed and interpreted by the brain. First, light enters the front of the eye and is focused by the cornea and lens onto the retina—a thin sheet of neural tissue lining the back of the eye. Because of refraction through the convex lens of the eye, images are projected onto the retina upside-down and reversed.

Color Vision

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Color perception begins in the retina, the light-sensitive layer at the back of the eye. Two main theories explain how colors are seen: the trichromatic theory and the opponent-process theory. The trichromatic theory, proposed by Thomas Young in 1802 and extended by Hermann von Helmholtz in 1852, suggests that color vision is based on three types of cone receptors in the retina. These cones are sensitive to different but overlapping ranges of wavelengths corresponding to red, blue, and green.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 28, 2025

Fabrication of Flexible Image Sensor Based on Lateral NIPIN Phototransistors

Fabrication of Flexible Image Sensor Based on Lateral NIPIN Phototransistors

Published on: June 23, 2018

A Self-Powered Organic Vision Sensor Array for Photopic Adaptation.

Yannan Dai^1,2,3, Shenglan Hao^1,2,3, Guangdi Feng^1,2,3

¹Key Laboratory of Polar Materials and Devices, Ministry of Education, Department of Electronics, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China.

|February 10, 2025

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers developed a self-powered bionic vision sensor using poly(3-hexylthiophene-2,5-diyl) (P3HT) and an aluminum electrode. This device mimics human eye adaptation for efficient image processing in artificial intelligence applications.

Keywords:

Artificial synapse Photopic adaptation Photovoltaic effect Short-term plasticity

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Area of Science:

Materials Science
Organic Electronics
Artificial Intelligence

Background:

The advancement of artificial intelligence necessitates sophisticated bionic vision sensors.
Current sensors often face limitations in power consumption, adaptability, and spectral range.
Developing efficient image preprocessing capabilities is crucial for AI development.

Purpose of the Study:

To engineer a low-power, self-adaptive, broadband bionic vision sensor.
To utilize the photogating effect in an organic semiconductor for enhanced functionality.
To demonstrate image formation capabilities mimicking human visual adaptation.

Main Methods:

Fabrication of a Schottky junction using poly(3-hexylthiophene-2,5-diyl) (P3HT) and an aluminum (Al) electrode.
Exploitation of the photogating effect arising from charge trapping at the P3HT/Al interface.
Assembly of a 50-sensor (10x5) array for image recognition tasks.

Main Results:

The developed device is self-powered and exhibits photopic adaptability.
The 1.9 eV bandgap of P3HT ensures significant light absorption and photocurrent generation in the visible spectrum.
Successful demonstration of image formation and letter recognition using the sensor array, emulating human visual adaptation.

Conclusions:

The fabricated, self-powered, two-terminal photoelectric device effectively mimics retinal structures.
This retinomorphic photoelectric device shows significant potential for next-generation visual sensory applications.
The P3HT/Al Schottky junction design offers a promising pathway for low-power, adaptive bionic vision systems.