[Social Isolation, Loneliness, Anxiety, and Depression in Older Adults]

Social isolation is the objective state of being in little social contact, whereas loneliness is the subjective state of being lonely due to a lack of connection with others. Older adults are more susceptible to anxiety as they experience various forms of loss. Factors such as bereavement, economic status, health status, and loneliness increase the risk of depression in older adults. There is a clear association between social isolation, loneliness, anxiety, and depression, often following the pattern "social isolation→loneliness→anxiety/depression." and "anxiety/depression→loneliness". This review examines psychosocial interventions aimed at addressing isolation and loneliness among older adults.