Brazilian Thoracic Association recommendations for the management of lymphangioleiomyomatosis

Lymphangioleiomyomatosis (LAM) is a rare disease, characterized as a low-grade neoplasm with metastatic potential that mainly affects women of reproductive age, in which there is proliferation of atypical smooth muscle cells (LAM cells) and formation of diffuse pulmonary cysts. It can occur in a sporadic form or in combination with tuberous sclerosis complex. In recent decades, a number of advances have been made in the understanding of the pathophysiology and management of LAM, leading to improvements in its prognosis: identification of the main genetic aspects and the role of the mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway; relationship with hormonal factors, mainly estrogen; characterization of pulmonary and extrapulmonary manifestations in imaging studies; identification and importance in the diagnosis of VEGF-D; a systematic diagnostic approach, often without the need for lung biopsy; use of and indications for the use of mTOR inhibitors, mainly sirolimus, for pulmonary and extrapulmonary manifestations; pulmonary rehabilitation and the management of complications such as pneumothorax and chylothorax; and the role of and indications for lung transplantation. To date, no Brazilian recommendations for a comprehensive approach to the disease have been published. This document is the result of a non-systematic review of the literature, carried out by 12 pulmonologists, a radiologist, and a pathologist, which aims to provide an update of the most important topics related to LAM, mainly to its diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up, including practical and multidisciplinary aspects of its management.