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Types of Step-Growth Polymers: Polyesters01:20

Types of Step-Growth Polymers: Polyesters

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The introduction of polyesters has brought major development to the textile industry. The wrinkle-free behavior of polyester blends has eliminated the need for starching and ironing clothes.
Polyesters are commonly prepared from terephthalic acid and ethylene glycol; the crude product is known as poly(ethylene terephthalate) or PET. However, polyesters are synthesized industrially by transesterification of dimethyl terephthalate with ethylene glycol at 150 °C. The two reactants and the...
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Structure and Nomenclature of Epoxides02:38

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Cyclic ethers are heterocyclic compounds with an oxygen atom in the ring along with carbon atoms. They are named depending on the number of carbon atoms present in their ring system. Cyclic ethers with a three-membered ring system are called “oxirane”, four-membered ring systems as “oxetane”, five-membered ring systems as “oxolane”, and six-membered ring systems as “oxane”. The cyclic structure of these rings imposes angle strain, and this strain...
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Base-Catalyzed Ring-Opening of Epoxides02:26

Base-Catalyzed Ring-Opening of Epoxides

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Due to their highly strained structures, epoxides can readily undergo ring-opening reactions through nucleophilic substitution, either in the presence of an acid or a base. The nucleophilic substitution reactions in the presence of acid are called acid-catalyzed ring-opening reactions, and nucleophilic substitution reactions in the presence of a base are called base-catalyzed ring-opening reactions. Epoxides undergo base-catalyzed ring-opening reactions in the presence of a strong nucleophile...
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Structures of Carboxylic Acid Derivatives01:28

Structures of Carboxylic Acid Derivatives

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Structure of Carboxylic Acid Derivatives
Carboxylic acid derivatives contain an acyl group attached to a heteroatom such as chlorine, oxygen, or nitrogen. The carbonyl carbon and oxygen are both sp2-hybridized with an unhybridized p orbital.
The three sp2 orbitals of the carbonyl carbon form three σ bonds, one each with the carbonyl oxygen, the α carbon, and the heteroatom, whereas the other two sp2 orbitals of the carbonyl oxygen are occupied by the lone pairs. Further, the...
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Nitrosation of Enols01:19

Nitrosation of Enols

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The nitrosation reaction is one of the methods of preparing 1,2-diketones. The enol tautomer of the starting ketone reacts with sodium nitrite in hydrochloric acid, generating the 1,2-diketone after hydrolysis.
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Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview01:20

Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview

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The polymerization process that involves carbanion as an intermediate is called anionic polymerization. It is also a type of addition or chain-growth polymerization. Anionic polymerization gets initiated by a strong nucleophile such as an organolithium or a Grignard reagent. The most commonly used initiator for anionic polymerization is butyl lithium. Monomers involved in anionic polymerization must possess a vinyl group bonded to one or two electron-withdrawing groups. For instance,...
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Renewable Phenolic Resins Based on Nitrogen-Coordinated Cyclic Boronic Ester Bonds.

Lu Wang1, Yuyao Chang1, Yu Luo1

  • 1School of Chemistry, Xi'an Key Laboratory of Sustainable Polymer Materials, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710049, P. R. China.

Macromolecular Rapid Communications
|February 12, 2025
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Summary

This study introduces a novel method for recycling phenolic resins (PRs) by creating dynamic cross-links. This innovation allows for reprocessing and closed-loop recycling of waste PRs, reducing environmental pollution.

Keywords:
nitrogen‐coordinated cyclic boronic ester bondsphenolic resinrenewablestructural stability

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Area of Science:

  • Polymer Chemistry
  • Materials Science
  • Sustainable Polymers

Background:

  • Phenolic resins (PRs) exhibit excellent performance due to their 3D cross-linked structure.
  • The inherent crosslinking of PRs renders them non-reprocessable and difficult to recycle, causing environmental concerns and resource depletion.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a sustainable recycling method for phenolic resins.
  • To create a recyclable thermoplastic phenolic resin (NR) with dynamic cross-links.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized the reactivity of the phenolic hydroxyl group in thermoplastic PR (NR).
  • Introduced nitrogen-coordinated cyclic boronic ester (NCB) groups into carbon-chain polymers using aliphatic isocyanates.
  • Formed dynamic cross-linked polymers based on NCB linkages.

Main Results:

  • The developed dynamic cross-linked polymers exhibit convenient deformation under stimuli while maintaining dimensional stability and mechanical properties.
  • Achieved closed-loop recycling of waste phenolic resins.
  • Demonstrated the processability and mechanical performance of the modified NR.

Conclusions:

  • The novel approach enables efficient and sustainable recycling of phenolic resins.
  • Offers a promising solution to reduce the environmental impact of phenolic resin waste.
  • Paves a new way for designing recyclable thermosetting polymers.